• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.423-435
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• 2010

Objectives: The low benefit coverage rate of South Korea's health security system has been continually pointed out. A low benefit coverage rate inevitably causes catastrophic health expenditure, which can be the cause of the transition to poverty and the persistence of poverty. This study was conducted to ascertain the effect of catastrophic health expenditure on the transition to poverty and the persistence of poverty in South Korea. Methods: To determine the degree of social mobility, this study was conducted among the 6311 households that participated in the South Korea Welfare Panel Study in both 2006 and 2008. The effect of catastrophic health expenditure on the transition to poverty and the persistence of poverty in South Korea was assessed via multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The poverty rate in South Korea was 21.6% in 2006 and 20.0% in 2008. 25.1 - 7.3% of the households are facing catastrophic health expenditure. Catastrophic health expenditure was found to affect the transition to poverty even after adjusting for the characteristics of the household and the head of the household, at the threshold of 28% or above. Conclusions: 25.1% of the households in this study were found to be currently facing catastrophic health expenditure, and it was determined that catastrophic health expenditure is a cause of transition to poverty. This result shows that South Korea's health security system is not an effective social safety net. As such, to prevent catastrophic health expenditure and transition to poverty, the benefit coverage of South Korea's health security system needs to the strengthened.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2011

In this study, a total of 350 households contained 700 individuals in Iganzo village were surveyed to study their literate and poverty levels and their impacts to conservation of the Mbeya Range Forest Reserve. The study included 350 women and 350 men. The majority of respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years old (53%), while the rest were between 41-50 years old (25%) and 21-30 years old (22%). The total income per day per household was calculated and averaged to 4,570 Tanzanian shillings that is equal to about 3 U.S. dollars. The average number of members per household was seven. It was reported that, there is a tremendous decrease in biodiversity composition of the reserve mainly due to poverty (80%) and ignorance (76%) of the people on the importance of the reserve. Other causes for this decrease were reported to be grazing of livestock in the reserve (23%), poor farming systems (68%), which resulted in soil erosion, encroachment (64%) through expansion of farms towards the reserve boundary and charcoal burning (34%). Respondents from Mbeya Urban Water Supply Authority and District Forest Office mentioned lack of funds (49%) and lack of experts (56%) as challenges that face the conservation of the reserve. It was revealed that 25% of respondents had never gone to school, 53% had primary level of education as their highest level of education, 20% had secondary education and 2% had first degree. The null hypothesis that poverty and illiteracy have a positive correlation to forest degradation was accepted based on these findings at a probability of p>0.85. Thus, it was concluded that poverty and illiteracy among Iganzo village residents are the main causes for the degradation of biodiversity in Mbeya Range Forest Reserve.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.275-290
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• 2005

본 연구는 한국노동패널조사 자료를 이용하여 과거의 고용형태와 직종 그리고 생애근로기간 등이 노후의 빈곤여부 및 경제적 상태에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 노후 빈곤에 관한 기존 연구들은 성별, 연령과 같이 노후 빈곤이 발현된 이후의 대리변수들에만 관심을 갖고 직접적 원인인 과거의 노동경험이 노후빈곤에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 간과하였다. 분석결과, 최종 직종과 고용형태가 노후 빈곤 및 경제적 상태에 매우 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 성별이나 결혼형태 등은 과거 노동경험의 영향을 통제할 경우 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 드러났다. 이처럼 과거 노동경험이 노후빈곤과 직접적으로 연관되어 있기 때문에 현행 공적연금의 급여를 기여에 기초한 것 뿐 아니라 시민권에 기초한 급여형태로 전환하여 노후빈곤을 방지하여야 할 것이다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2015

Purpose - This study reviews Cameroon's economic growth, crisis, and recovery, aiming to: review the principal factors of Cameroon's real economic growth; explore the causes of its economic crisis analyze the determinants of its economic recovery; and suggest appropriate policies to ameliorate economic growth. Research design, data, and methodology - By reviewing the relevant literature and economic indicators, we observed that from the 1980s to the present, Cameroon experienced all the possible business cycle phases: economic prosperity (until 1985), economic and social crisis (1986-1994), and renewed economic growth (after 1995). Results - As a result of the economic changes in Cameroon, its macroeconomic indicators have evolved. Poverty and inequality have changed in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Throughout the examined period, rural poverty has become more widespread, deeper, and more severe than urban poverty, while inequality has experienced greater increases in urban areas relative to rural zones. Conclusions -To reap maximum benefits and reduce poverty from these economic changes, Cameroon needs to liberalize trade and foreign exchange transactions to attract foreign investment, especially during the current globalization.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.671-692
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• 2006

최근 대도시 내부의 노동인구 가운데 새로운 빈곤, 즉 근로빈곤층이 형성되어, 이에 따른 계층 간 사회공간적 갈등을 심화시킬 징후를 보이고 있다. 이 논문은 노동과 빈곤이 결합하여 나타나는 특수한 문제로서 최근 새롭게 대두되고 있는 근로빈곤층의 문제에 초점을 둔다. 우선 근로빈곤층에 대한 개념정의에서 출발하여, 근로빈곤층이 발생하는 원인을 분석하고 근로빈곤층의 실태를 정태적 및 동태적 관점에서 살펴봄으로써 노동과 빈곤문제가 어떻게 유기적인 관련성을 맺고 있는지 논의하고자 한다. 그리고 기존 근로빈곤층 지원 정책의 한계를 살펴보고 향후 대안적 정책 과제를 제안하고자 한다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제68권3호
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• pp.51-71
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• 2016

이 연구의 목적은 한국을 포함한 OECD 주요국을 대상으로 사회구조적 요인, 복지제도, 노동시장 및 정치제도 등 독신모가구 빈곤의 국가 간 다양성에 영향을 끼치는 거시적 원인을 규명하는 것이다. 1981년부터 2012년 기간에 대해 불균형패널설계(unbalanced panel design)방법을 적용한 결합시계열회귀분석을 실시했다. 연구결과 독신모가구의 빈곤율은 국가 간 다양성이 현저했다. 1인당GDP는 빈곤위험감소에 기여하지 못했고, 여성고용율과 15세미만 아동비율은 빈곤위험을 증가시켰다. 전체사회복지지출, 아동에 대한 현금지출, 노조조직률, 정규직에 대한 고용보호, 비례대표선거제도, 누적좌파내각, 누적여성의석수는 독신모가구의 빈곤위험을 감소시키는 요인으로 나타났다. 한국은 경제성장 일변도와 노동시장유연화 위주의 탈빈곤전략에서 탈피해 보편적 복지제도, 아동에 대한 복지급여와 일-가정양립정책을 확대할 필요가 있다. 나아가 노조조직률향상과 고용보호확대 등 조정된 노동시장제도를 설계하고, 비례대표선거제도 등 합의제정치모델을 도입해 좌파정치세력과 여성의 정치적 대표성을 확립할 필요가 있다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.333-354
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• 2009

본 연구는 우리나라 도시 근로자 가구 중 남녀 가구주 간 빈곤 격차의 원인을 설명하기 위해 격차분해를 시도하였다. 연구는 남녀 가구주 간 빈곤격차의 정도를 살펴보고, 옥사카 분해 방식을 사용하여 격차 요인을 분해를 실시하는 것으로 진행되었다. 분석을 위하여 1982년부터 2008년까지의 (도시)가계조사데이터를 사용하였고, 빈곤여부는 상대빈곤율(중위 소득 50%)로 측정하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2008년 여성가구주 가구와 남성가구주 가구의 빈곤 격차에서 계수 효과가 전체 격차의 70% 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 시기별로 가구주 성별에 따른 빈곤 격차의 추세는 1980년대 증가하다 1990년대 감소, 다시 2000년대 들어서 빈곤격차가 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 시기별 빈곤격차 요인 분해 결과, 시간이 흐를수록 특성 효과의 비중이 점차 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 도시근로자 가구 중 남성가구주에 비해 여성가구주 가구의 특성이 점차 더 열악해지는 것을 의미한다. 동시에 계수효과가 여전히 크다는 것은 도시 근로자 가구들의 경우, 여성가구 주에 대한 차별 또는 사회적 지원의 부족 문제가 크다는 것을 시사한다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.242-253
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• 2014

Background: The low benefit coverage rate of South Korea's health security system causes catastrophic health expenditure. And catastrophic health expenditure can be the cause of the transition to and persistence of poverty. This study was conducted to ascertain the effect of catastrophic health expenditure on the transition to and persistence of poverty, using 6 years of the Korea Welfare Panel Study Data. Methods: This study was conducted among the 22,528 households that participated in the Korea Welfare Panel Study, 2007-2012. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as equal to or exceeds thresholds (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of household's capacity to pay. The effect of catastrophic health expenditure on the transition to and persistence of poverty was ascertained via multivariate logistic regression. Results: Four-point-seven percent to 20.6% of the households are facing catastrophic health expenditure. Rates of the transition to (relative risk [RR], 18.6 to 30.2) and persistence of (RR, 74.8 to 76.0) poverty of households facing catastrophic health expenditure was higher than households not facing catastrophic health expenditure. Even after adjusting the characteristics of the household and the household head, catastrophic health expenditure was found to affect transition to (odds ratio [OR], 2.11 to 3.04) and persistence of (OR, 1.53 to 1.70) poverty. Conclusion: To prevent catastrophic health expenditure and transition to and persistence of poverty resulting from catastrophic health expenditure, the reinforcement of South Korea's health security system including the benefit coverage enhancement is required.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

This research aims to investigate the application of Keynes's theory in Indonesia, particularly in solving unemployment and poverty problems through government spending, economic growth, and human resource capacity. The basic concepts of the Keynesian theory were used as a method, through which government spending was harnessed toward economic growth in reducing unemployment and poverty rate. The analytical materials used were panel data for the 2017-2021 period in Central Java, Indonesia. The analytical methodology used was a multiple regression experimental design in selecting the best model according to Keynes's theory, especially for overcoming formidable problems. The main results showed that large Government spending program is ineffective in encouraging pro-growth, pro-job, pro-poor, and pro-equity development policy strategies. The causes of this failure include the violation of Keynes' assumptions about rationality and the low quality of education investment, which do not encourage productive and innovative entrepreneurship, as well as self-employment opportunities. As a result, government spending, including subsidies and direct financial assistance, used to implement the macroeconomic monetary, unstructured, and fiscal policy system is insufficient to significantly reduce the enormous difficulties. The main research results confirm that human capital capacity is the key to mitigating and reducing unemployment and poverty.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.257-270
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• 2000

Poor children are a field of causing of various Issues and become a subject of sympathy, concern and anger, against adult's poor such as sleeper outdoors and unemployed to be made a subject of discussion. This study has theoretically investigated the poverty concept, family trait around poor children. And also for understanding the above status, poverty circumstances have been focused children family and shelter-care children. The conclusions are as follows. First, the family of children head was formed with children under fifteen years of age. It was reported that solo families were 26.4% and living together families with relatives were 64.7%. As status of producing causes, parents death was shown the most rate as 49% and abscondence or missing was 31.9%. Second, In the shelter-care aspect, the highest case is a parents-divorce with 42.5%, while children-head case is just shown 0.5%. Therefore, in a child right viewpoint, it needs more systematical/long-range study on children poverty, and some policies for protecting the poverty-children must be established in social policy.