• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.242-246
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• 2010

Background: The first sacral nerve root block (S1NRB) is a common procedure in pain clinic for patients complaining of low back pain with radiating pain. It can be performed in the office based setting without C-arm. The previously suggested method of locating the needle entry point begins with identifying the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Then a line is drawn between two points, one of which is 1.5 cm medical to the PSIS, and the other of which is 1.5 cm lateral and cephalad to the ipsilateral cornu. After that, one point on the line, which is 1.5 cm cephalad to the level of the PSIS, is considered as the needle entry point. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location of needle entry point and palpated PSIS in S1NRB. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing C-arm guided S1NRB in the prone position were examined. The surface anatomical relationships between the palpated PSIS and the needle entry point were assessed. Results: The analysis revealed that the transverse and vertical distance between the needle entry point and PSIS were $28.7{\pm}8.8mm$ medially and $3.5{\pm}14.0mm$ caudally, respectively. The transverse distance was $27.8{\pm}8.3mm$ medially for male and $29.5{\pm}9.3mm$ medially for female. The vertical distance was $1.0{\pm}14.1mm$ cranially for male and $8.1{\pm}12.7mm$ caudally for female. Conclusions: The needle entry point in S1NRB is located on the same line or in the caudal direction from the PSIS in a considerable number of cases. Therefore previous recommended methods cannot be applied to many cases.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.292-299
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• 2019

Interferon tau (IFNT) regulation, an anti-luteolytic factor produced by conceptuses of the ruminant ungulates, is essential for the maintenance of early pregnancy, but a definitive mechanism for its temporal transcription has not been elucidated. We and others have observed the T-box protein eomesodermin (EOMES) exhibited high mRNA expression in the ovine embryonic trophectoderm; thus, both caudal-relatedhomeobox-2 (CDX2) and EOMES coexist during the early stages of conceptus development. Objective of this study was to examine the effect of EOMES on ovine IFNT gene transcription when evaluated with CDX2, ETS2 and AP1 transcription factors implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. In this study, quantitatively via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis between ovine trophoblast cells was initially performed, finding that transcription factors CDX2 and 'EOMES transcription factor mRNAs' were specific to trophectoderm cells. These mRNAs were also found in days 15, 17, and 21 ovine conceptuses. Furthermore, human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells (trophoblast cell line) were cotransfected with an ovine IFNT (-654bp)-luciferase reporter (-654-oIFNT-Luc) construct and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Cotransfection of the reporter construct with CDX2, ETS2 and AP1 increased transcription of -654-oIFNT-Luc by about 11-fold compared with transfection of the construct alone. When cells were initially transfected with EOMES followed by transfection with CDX2, ETS2 and/or AP1, the expression of -654-oIFNT-Luc was decreased. Also, EOMES factor inhibited the stimulatory activity of CDX2 alone. These results suggest that when conceptuses attach to the uterine epithelium, ovine IFNT gene transcription is down-regulated by an increase of EOMES factor expression in the attached ovine trophoblast cells.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 2014

Background Implant malposition can produce unsatisfactory aesthetic results after breast augmentation. The goal of this article is to identify aspects of the preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative flap fixation that can prevent implant malposition. Methods This study examined 36 patients who underwent primary dual plane breast augmentation through an inframammary incision between September 1, 2012 and January 31, 2013. Before the surgery, preoperative evaluation and design using the Randquist formula were performed. Each patient was evaluated retrospectively for nipple position relative to the breast implant and breast contour, using standardized preoperative and postoperative photographs. The average follow-up period was 10 months. Results Seven of 72 breasts were identified as having implant malposition. These malpositions were divided into two groups. In relation to the new breast mound, six breasts had an inferiorly positioned and one breast had a superiorly positioned nipple-areolar complex. Two of these seven breasts were accompanied with an unsatisfactory breast contour. Conclusions We identified two main causes of implant malposition after inframammary augmentation mammaplasty. One cause was an incorrect preoperatively designed nipple to inframammary fold (N-IMF) distance. The breast skin and parenchyma quality, such as an extremely tight envelope, should be considered. If an extremely tight envelope is found, the preoperatively designed new N-IMF distance should be increased. The other main cause of malposition is failure of the fascial suture from Scarpa's fascia to the perichondrium through an inframammary incision. As well, when this fixation is performed, it should be performed directly downward to the perichondrium, rather than slanted in a cranial or caudal direction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 2007

The spawning host selection and adaptive characteristics in life history were investigated for Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii which has similar habit of spawning with acheilognathine fishes. The fertilized eggs of the species were found in the mantle cavity of Corbicula papyracea and C. fluminea among the bivalves collected from same locality, meaning the species specific host selection for the spawning. We considered that the differences in the status of expanding egg membrane after hydration, fewer number of eggs settled into the mantle cavity and having eleutheroembryo with developed organ would be some evidences of specific reproductive strategy for this species. But the status of developed surface blood circulation was thought to be a compensation for the parasitism. The pigmentation of melanopore delayed to late embryo and the spot on the caudal region was a characteristics of this species appeared in the early life history.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the radial displacement of clinical target volume in the patients with node negative head and neck (H&N) cancer and to quantify the relative positional changes compared to that of normal healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: Three node-negative H&N cancer patients and five healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. For setup accuracy, neck thermoplastic masks and laser alignment were used in each of the acquired computed tomography (CT) images. Both groups had total three sequential CT images in every two weeks. The lymph node (LN) level of the neck was delineated based on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) consensus guideline by one physician. We use the second cervical vertebra body as a reference point to match each CT image set. Each of the sequential CT images and delineated neck LN levels were fused with the primary image, then maximal radial displacement was measured at 1.5 cm intervals from skull base (SB) to caudal margin of LN level V, and the volume differences at each node level were quantified. Results: The mean radial displacements were 2.26 (${\pm}1.03$) mm in the control group and 3.05 (${\pm}1.97$) in the H&N cancer patients. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean radial displacement (p = 0.03). In addition, the mean radial displacement increased with the distance from SB. As for the mean volume differences, there was no statistical significance between the two groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that a more generous radial margin should be applied to the lower part of the neck LN for better clinical target coverage and dose delivery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.187-190
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• 2015

An 18-month-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat, weighing 4.1 kg, was presented as an emergency case after it suffered a gunshot injury. Physical examination of the cat revealed paraplegia, with loss of deep nociception. A bullet (diameter, 3 mm) lodged in the left epaxial muscle at the level of the first lumbar (L1) was observed on radiographic examination, and a hyperattenuating spot in the spinal canal was confirmed using computed tomography. Exploratory laminectomy was performed, and an incomplete fracture of the right caudal articular process of L1 and a necrotizing spinal cord lesion were found. The animal was euthanized and necropsy was performed, which revealed a crack on the left pedicle of L1. This case report presents the first detailed clinical description of a gunshot injury to the spinal cord in a cat.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.137-155
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• 1989

In order investigate the effect of Boyanghwanotang (BT) on thrombosis, Sprague-Dawley rats injected endotoxin into the caudal vein were oral administrated solid extract of BT-182. 4mg/200g (Sample A) and 364.8mg/200g (Sample B), and then observed Platelet, fibrinogen, prothrombin time and FDP. Another group injected hydrocortisone acetate into the muscular rump were adopted to observe the effect of BT on elevated blood Viscosity, administrated Sample A and Sample B, thereafter measured body weight, body temperature, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, glucose, albumin, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and prothrombin time. 1. Platelet was increased significantly in Sample B compared with the control group. 2. Fibrinogen of the trial groups compared with the control group was increased, and revealed a significance in Sample B. 3. Prothrombin time was decreased significantly in the trial groups compared with the control group. 4. FDP was decreased in the trial groups compared with the control group. 5. Body weight was increased significantly in Sample B after 7 days, body temperature revealed a significance in the trial groups after 5 days. 6. Whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity of lower shear rates, both were highly decreased in the trial groupn than the control group. 7. The increase of WBC and decrease of hematocrit, RBC and hemoglobin was showed in the trial groups, and Sample B revealed a significance on the increase of WBC and decrease of RBC. 8. The increase of prothrombin time and decrease of glucose, albumin, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol was showed in the trial group, and Sample B revealed a Significance on the increase of prothrombin time and decrease of albumin, total protein and triglyceride. 9. As compare with Sample A and Sample B, generally Sample B was highly Significant. According to the above results, it was considered that Boyanghwanotang may be the curative effects for thrombosis and elevated blood viscosity.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.461-472
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• 1997

The substantia nigra of the Mongolian gerbil was studies by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy with preembedding method. The purpose was to obtain information on the distribution and ultrastructure of the Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, in order to provide the necessary background for the gerbil. Large number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons were located in the compact part of substantia nigra. Findings in the gerbil, compared to observations in the other species, included the presence of prominent bundles of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cytoplasmic processes passing in the dorsoventral direction from pars compacta into pars reticulata at middle and caudal levels of the substantia nigra, and the presence of a distinct tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive substantia nigra pars lateralis. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons had well-developed cell organelles, especially rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosome and poly-ribosome, and showed the infoldings of the nuclear envelope. We anticipate that the present description of the cellular organization of the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive dopaminergic area in the substantia nigra of gerbil will be useful for the animal experimental model of Parkinson's disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.335-348
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• 2019

We found ten species of larvae belonging to the family Pleuronectidae as a result of analysis on ichthyoplankton collected monthly from the East Sea, Yellow Sea, Korea Strait and East China Sea between February 2016 and May 2018 using bongo net. The ten species of pleuronectid larvae were divided into three groups in morphology. Group A had three or four bars on the lateral side of the tail: Glyptocephalus stelleri, G. kitaharae, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, and Hippoglossoides dubius. Group B had a row of melanophores along the dorsal and ventral side of tail: Cleisthenes pinetorum, Eopsetta grigorjewi, Dexistes rikuzenius, and Platichthys bicoloratus. Group C had dense melanophores which are covering trunk and tail entirely except caudal peduncle: Platichthys cornutus and Platichthys japonicus. The three groups did not associate with previous molecular phylogenetic studies except for the G. stelleri and G. kitaharae of the group A.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.493-502
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• 2009

Glucose is a major source of metabolic fuel and lipid and protein syntheses. Transport of glucose into the cell is regulated by an action of glucose transport.associated transporters, especially solute carriers 2A (Slc2a, protein symbol GLUT). The present study was focused on examination of mRNA expression of various Slc2a isoforms in the epididymis during postnatal development. Total RNAs isolated from different epididymal segments (caput, corpus, and caudal epididymis) were utilized for real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Results showed that Slc2a 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 were expressed in the entire epididymal regions. In addition, the abundance of these Slc2a isoforms' transcripts was different within each epididymal regions. Moreover, the present study showed differential expression of these Slc2a isoforms among different epididymal segments according to postnatal ages. The current study suggests that glucose transport in the epididymis via various Slc2a isoforms would be necessary for maintenance of the epididymal functions.