• 수완나부미
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.29-51
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• 2010

The diversity of Southeast Asia can be also represented at the tremendous number of ethnic groups residing throughout its various regions even beyond national boundaries. What does it mean by the composite of numerous peoples? It has triggered a lot of problems in a nation or overall Southeast Asia. Among them, the most serious one seems to be ethnic conflicts having damaged national integration and caused political, economical, and social instability. In that respect, Karen people have been a minority group situated in the most chronic dispute in Myanmar. Since 1947 some of the Karen equipped with armed forces have been fighting against the military government currently ruling Myanmar. As the result, the refugees over 200,000 population had moved to the mountain camps located at neighboring Thailand, attracting a lot of attention throughout international societies. According to 1931 census by British colonial government, the Karen have the greatest numbers in population as minority and include 16 subgroups including Karenni(Kayah) and Pa-O seemingly excluded from its category in contemporary point of view. It means that Karen people should not be regarded as an ethnic group, and in fact do not show a homogeneous identity under the title of Karen. Given the situation, we need to reconsider the category of Karen. What does the Karen mean in a real sense? Previous studies on the Karen had been performed mainly by anthropologists or missionaries such as Marshall(1922), Hamilton (1976), Hanson Tadaw(1959), Smeaton(1920), Keyes(1979), Hayami (1992; 2004), etc. Most of them examined the Karen as a group and ignored the possibilities of representing the divergent identities vis-à-vis their subgroups. Therefore, they have focused on the myth to convert Karen people to Christianity, although the Christian Karens are less than 20% of total population. As a result, I argue that they would fail to define the real meaning of Karen. It has been caused us to recognize the Karen as a meaningless total entity to be accepted by all means. According to their arguments, the difference among Karen's subgroups is just dealt with the trivial matters that do not affect the ethnic boundary itself, still maintaining the ethnic identity as Karen. As we shall see on this thesis, this is never the case. My thesis aims at uncovering and scrutinizing the real meaning of the category of Karen. For the purpose of it, I will consider Karen people as a linguistic group from the beginning as shown in 1931 census. I argue that the Karen have been affected or exposed by various conditions or environments throughout the harsh history having happened on the areas of current Myanmar and Thailand, leading the vicissitudes of their ethnic identities.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 1994

The studied area is composed of Precambrian gneiss complex, middle Jurassic biotite granite, late Cretaceour sediments, volcanics and pink feldspar granite. Characteristic minerals of the biotite granite is plagioclase and hornblende whereas the pink feldspar granite is pink feldspar (perthite) and quartz. Plagioclase compositions of the biotite granite and the pink feldspar granite are oligoclase to calcic andesine ($An_{18-44}$) and sodic albite ($An_{0.5-5.0}$), respectively. In the variation diagrams of the Harker and normative Q-Or-Pl diagram, the biotite granite belongs to the category from granodiorite to granite, the pink feldspar granite from nomal to late granite. The values of D.I. L.I. and alkalinity of the pink feldspar granite are higher than those of the biotite granite. While CaO is enriched in the biotite granite, $K_2O$ is enriched in the pink feldspar granite. The ratio of $K_2O/Na_2O$ which indicates the relative ratio of alkali is 1.06 in the pink feldspar granite, and 0.86 in the biotite granite. In A-M-F and N-C-K diagrams both these granites are plotted in peraluminus granite ($Al_2O_3$>$Na_2O+K_2O+CaO$) region, assigned to calc alkaline series and alkaline series respectively. Put into the form of A-C-F diagram, the biotite granite falls under I-type, and the pink feldspar granite S-type. On the base of whole rock ratios of $Fe^{+3}/Fe^{+2}+Fe^{+3}$ and $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ for the granites in studied area, the biotite granite indicates ilmenite series (0.26) and S-type and/or contaminated I-type ($0.72020{\pm}0.00050$), the pink feldspar granite magnetite series (0.44) and I-type ($0.70826{\pm}0.00020$).

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.851-857
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 전과정평가 방법론을 활용하여 고정단, 일방향, 양방향 교량용 포트받침의 제조 공정에 대한 LCA분석을 수행하여 각각의 대한 환경부하를 분석하였으며, 특히 최근 국내외적으로 이슈가 되고 있는 물발자국에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. LCA 분석 결과 고정단 포트받침의 경우 6대 영향범주 모두에서 후판에 의한 기여도가 64.2% 이상으로 분석되었으며, 특히 자원고갈 및 광화학적산화물생성 영향범주에서는 94% 이상의 기여도를 갖는 것으로 분석되었다. 일방향 및 양방향 포트받침의 경우 지구온난화 및 오존층 영향범주에서는 PTFE의 기여도가 가장 높게 분석되었으며, 그 외의 영향범주에서는 후판에 의한 기여도가 높게 나타났다. 포트받침 1개 제조시 형식별 물 이용가능 발자국 분석결과 일방향 $22.4m^3\;H_2O\;eq/ea$, 고정단 $17.1m^3\;H_2O\;eq/ea$, 양방향 $14.1m^3\;H_2O\;eq/ea$ 으로 분석되었다. life cycle 단계별 기여도 분석결과 3가지 유형 모두 제조단계의 용수 사용으로 인한 기여도가 65% 이상으로 분석되었다. 본 연구결과는 향후 교량 설계 및 시공단계의 공법 및 자재 선택시 의사결정 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2005

A model of advection-dominated accretion flows has been highlighted in the last decade. Most of calculations are based on self-similar solutions of equations governing the accreting flows. We revisit self-similar solutions of the simplest form of advection-dominated accretion flows. We explore the parameter space thoroughly and seek another category of self-similar solutions. In this study we allow the parameter f less than zero, which denotes the fraction of energy transported through advection. We have found followings: 1. For f > 0, in real ADAF solutions the ratio of specific heats ${\gamma}$ satisfies 1 < ${\gamma}$ < 5/3 for O ${\leq}$ f ${\leq}$ 1. On the other hands, in wind solutions a rotating disk does not exist. 2. For f < 0, in real ADAF solutions with ${\epsilon}$ greater than zero ${\gamma}$ requires rather exotic range, that is, ${\gamma}$ < 1 or ${\gamma}$ > 5/3. When -5/2 < ${\epsilon}$' < 0, however, allowable ${\gamma}$ can be found in ${\gamma}$ < 5/3, in which case 4{\Omega}_0$,_ is imaginary. 3. For a negative $u_0$,+ with f > 0, solutions are only allowed with exotic ${\gamma}$, that is, 1 < ${\gamma}$ or ${\gamma}$ > (5f/2-5/3)/(5f/2-1)when O < f < 2/5, (5f/2-5/3)/(5f/2-1) < ${\gamma}$ < 1 when f > 2/5. Since ${\epsilon}$' is negative, 4{\Omega}_0$,+ is again an imaginary quantity. For a negative $u_0$,+ with f < 0, ${\gamma}$ is allowed in 1 < 7 < (5|f|/2 + 5/3)/(5|f|/2 + 1). We briefly discuss physical implications of what we have found.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제13D권7호
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• pp.1027-1038
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• 2006

대용량 데이터베이스에서의 추천시스템은 많은 문제점들을 지니고 있으므로, 대규모 인터넷 쇼핑몰에 적합한 추천 시스템 구조와 데이터 마이닝 기법의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 k-mean 클러스터링과 순차 패턴 기법을 이용한 VLDB(very large database) 기반의 상품 추천 시스템을 설계 및 구현한다. 본 논문에서는 사용자의 정보를 일괄처리하고 다양한 카테고리를 계층적으로 정의하며, 탐색엔진에 순차 패턴 마이닝 기법을 이용한다. 예측 모델을 만들기 위하여 사용자의 로그 데이터 중에서 카테고리에 대한 사용자의 선호도를 추출하여 이용한다. 본 논문에서는 실험과 성능 평가를 위하여 국내 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 30일 동안 수집한 실제 데이터를 이용한다. 또한 성능평가를 위하여 추천 예측 정확율(PRP: Predictive Recommend Precision), 추천 예측 재현율(PRR: Predictive Recommend Recall), 정확도 인수(PF1 : Predictive Factor One-measure)를 제안하여 사용한다. 성능평가 결과 가장 빠른 추천시간 및 학습시간은 O(N)이었고, 다양한 실험에서의 측도들의 값이 상당히 우수하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

본 논문은 NP-완전 문제인 간선 색칠과 그래프 부류 결정 문제를 동시에 해결하는 O(E)의 다항시간 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 최대차수-최소차수 정점 쌍 간선을 단순히 선택하는 방법으로 간선 채색수 ${\chi}^{\prime}(G)$를 결정하였다. 결정된 ${\chi}^{\prime}(G)$는 ${\Delta}(G)$ 또는 ${\Delta}(G)+1$을 얻는다. 결국, 알고리즘 수행 결과 얻은 ${\chi}^{\prime}(G)$로부터 ${\chi}^{\prime}(G)={\Delta}(G)$이면 부류 1, ${\chi}^{\prime}(G)={\Delta}(G)+1$이면 부류 2로 분류할 수 있다. 또한, 미해결 문제로 알려진 "최대차수가 6인 단순, 평면 그래프는 부류 1이다."라는 Vizing의 평면 그래프 추정도 증명하였다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.934-941
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine by which correlation the pluralistic phenomenon in text is functioned in comparison with hair style and fashion in collection. As a result, the pluralistic image in text, which was shown in modern fashion, was indicated to be pluralistic phenomenon by gender, T.P.O, coordination, and material. The pluralistic image in text for hair style can be known to have been indicated to be the pluralistic phenomenon in text for gender and to be the pluralistic phenomenon in text according to material and cultural category. As for a method of this study, it did put limitation on the part that is shown in the fashion collection from 2001 to 2007, analyzed hair-style features centering on photos, which were extracted from style.com, the online site of specializing in fashion, and carried out a literature research side by side with the theoretical background on intertextuality. The analysis in work according to the pluralistic phenomenon in text made it possible for looking at with a new sight differently from the recognition in the past, and opened the potentiality for being able to understand lots of strange representations, which have been impossible so far. The process of imitating and reconstructing each text according to compositional principle led to possibly knowing the necessity of an artist's ability that can implement the originative world.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2008년도 한국컴퓨터종합학술대회논문집 Vol.35 No.1 (C)
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• pp.242-247
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• 2008

본 논문은 하위범주화에 의한 한국어 파싱의 설계를 논의한다. 우선, 기계 번역에 중요한 영향을 끼치는 한국어 문법구성 요소인 통사 범주, 조사, 어미, 통사적 접사, 의존 명사 등을 논의하고 하위 범주화와 표현 패턴을 논의한다. 다음에 간단한 한국어 파서의 기본 골격을 제시한다. 첫 번째 과정은 입력 단계로서 문장을 스캐닝(scanning) 하고 관사, 명사, 수사, 통사적 접사, 조사, 의존 명사, 어미활용, 형용사, 부사, 조동사 들을 처리한다. 두 번째 과정에서는 하위범주화 패턴과 표현 패턴을 처리한다. 세 번째 단계에서는 절을 처리하고, 네 번째 단계에서는 SEA(Sentence Ending+Auxiliary)를 처리한다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

Purpose: The results of prior studies investigating main effects between diversity and team performance are neither clear nor consistent. This study seeks to provide more evidence for a direct link between these two. The present study also attempts to close a gap in the literature by examining conflict as a moderator of the relationship between diversity and team performance. Methods: As suggested by Williams and O'Reilly(1998), this study examines the effects of perception levels of three specific types of diversity (social category diversity, value diversity, and informational diversity) and two contextual moderators (task conflict and relationship conflict) on team performance. Results: The results show that perception levels of all three types of diversity are significantly related to team performance in the current sample of 313. Results also indicate that relationship conflict significantly interacted with the perception levels of diversity in relating to team performance. Results for task conflict, however, fails to support the hypothesis. Conclusion: The results suggest that the effects of diversity on team functioning depend on how diversity is perceived by team members, rather than actual diversity seen by team members. Theoretical and practical implications are reviewed, and limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are addressed.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2008

리모델링공사는 공간적한계성, 시간적한계성, 경제적한계성, 기술적한계성, 제도적한계성 등과 같이 신축공사에 비해 다양한 공사제약이 존재하며 이러한 한계성을 극복하고 진행되어야 하는 사업이므로 효율적인 건설사업 수행을 위해서는 리모델링의 특색에 맞는 계획 및 적용이 적시에 이루어져야 하고, 건설 각 부문별로 리모델링에 관한 다양한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 리모델링시 소방시설의 계획 및 적용에 필요한 과정들을 도출하고, 사업진행시 발생될 수 있는 다양한 제약을 검토하여 합리적이고 효율적인 소방 시스템을 구성하는데 도움이 될 수 있는 자료를 제공하고자 한다.