• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.501-503
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• 2008

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.316-317
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• 2008

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2014

Many studies on methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock industries have revealed that livestock production directly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through enteric fermentation and manure management, which causes negative impacts on animal environment sustainability. In the present study, three essential values for GHG emission were measured; i.e., i) maximum $CH_4$ producing capacity at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$) from anaerobically stored manure in livestock category ($B_{0,KM}$, Korean livestock manure for $B_0$), ii) $EF_{3(s)}$ value representing an emission factor for direct $N_2O$ emissions from manure management system S in the country, kg $N_2O-N$ kg $N^{-1}$, at mesophilic ($37^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) temperatures, and iii) $N_{ex(T)}$ emissions showing annual N excretion for livestock category T, kg N $animal^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$, from different livestock manure. Static incubation with and without aeration was performed to obtain the $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions from each sample, respectively. Chemical compositions of pre- and post- incubated manure were analyzed. Contents of total solids (% TS) and volatile solid (% VS), and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) decrease significantly in all the samples by C-containing biogas generation, whereas moisture content (%) and pH increased after incubation. A big difference of total nitrogen content was not observed in pre- and post-incubation during $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. $CH_4$ emissions (g $CH_4$ kg VS-1) from all the three manures (sows, layers and Korean cattle) were different and high C/N ratio resulted in high $CH_4$ emission. Similarly, $N_2O$ emission was found to be affected by % VS, pH, and temperature. The $B_{0,KM}$ values for sows, layers, and Korean cattle obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ are 0.0579, 0.0006, and 0.0828 $m^3$ $CH_4$ kg $VS^{-1}$, respectively, which are much less than the default values in IPCC guideline (GL) except the value from Korean cattle. For sows and Korean cattle, $N_{ex(T)}$ values of 7.67 and 28.19 kg N $yr^{-1}$, respectively, are 2.5 fold less than those values in IPCC GL as well. However, $N_{ex(T)}$ value of layers 0.63 kg N $yr^{-1}$ is very similar to the default value of 0.6 kg N $yr^{-1}$ in IPCC GLs for National greenhouse gas inventories for countries such as South Korea/Asia. The $EF_{3(s)}$ value obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ were found to be far less than the default value.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 O2O 서비스 활성화를 위한 고객들의 통합적 서비스 경험을 살펴보고자 한다. 기존 서비스 경영 및 마케팅 연구에서는 오프라인 매장에서의 서비스 경험에 초점을 두었고, 경영 정보 연구에서는 모바일 어플리케이션에서의 서비스 경험만을 살펴보는 경우가 많았다. 본 연구에서는 고객들이 인지하는 오프라인 매장의 특성과 모바일 어플리케이션의 특성을 동시에 고려하여, 고객들의 통합적인 서비스 경험을 살펴보았다. 그리고 해당 카테고리 안에서 해당 기업의 상대적 지출 비중을 살펴볼 수 있는 지갑 점유율을 최종 종속 변수로 고려하였다. 스타벅스에 자주 방문하고 해당 브랜드의 어플리케이션을 사용하고 있는 219명의 고객을 대상으로 연구 모형을 검증하였다. 연구 모형 분석에 PLS를 활용하였다. 연구 모형 분석 결과, 오프라인 매장에 대한 만족은 지갑 점유율에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 모바일 어플리케이션에 대한 만족은 지갑 점유율에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 모바일 어플리케이션이 제공하는 유희적 혜택과 사회적 혜택은 모바일 어플리케이션 만족 형성에 핵심적인 역할을 담당하였다. 본 연구 분석 결과를 통해 O2O 서비스의 고객 경험을 증진할 수 있는 서비스 운영 및 마케팅 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.118-136
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• 2010

Photochemical characteristics of ozone ($O_3$) and its precursors such as $O_3$ budget and $O_3-NO_x$-VOC sensitivity were analyzed in different physico-chemical properties of air masses around the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) using aircraft observations during March 2006. The physico-chemical properties of air masses were categorized into 5 groups: boundary layer (BL), biomass burning (BB), free tropospheric continent (FTCO) and marine (FTMA), and Tula industrial complex (TIC). Results from the $O_3$ budget analysis indicated that $O_3$ production for BL, FTCO, and FTMA (for BB and TIC) was mainly controlled by a photochemical production pathway, a reaction of NO with $HO_2$ (with $RO_2$), while the main pathway of photochemical $O_3$ destruction for BL, FTCO, and FTMA (for BB and TIC) was a reaction of $HO_2$ with $O_3$ (of $H_2$ with $O^1$(D)). In addition, most of air mass categories (especially FTCO) were estimated to be $NO_x$-sensitive for $O_3$ production with lower $NO_y$, higher ratios of the other indicator species (e.g., $O_3/(NO_y-NO_x$), $H_2O_2/HNO_3$, etc.), and the lower removal rate of radicals ($\leq$0.5) by the reaction of OH with $NO_2$ than those of the VOC-sensitive condition.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.827-835
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• 2006

Objectives : This study investigated the actual condition of an oriental medical office in a public health center. Methods : We classified patients who visited an oriental medical office in the public health center of Gyeyang-gu over a 1-year period, according to age, sex, disease, etc. The number of patients was 6529. Results : Analyzing these 6529 persons, 65.8% were female, and 79.6% were seniors aged over 65. By disease category motor systemic disease or circulatory disease affected 84% of the patients. By medication or treatment category. O-Juk-San (五積散) at 38.3% was the greatest proportion, and Pal-Mul-Tang (八物湯) the second greatest. As to medical fee, 80.2% of the patients were not charged for treatment. Conclusions : The extract of herbal medication should be more expanded in the medical insurance, and should be improved in quality. The oriental medical office in a public health center should focus more on health promotion and disease prevention than patient care. For accomplishing this goal, the institutional position and rights of oriental medical doctors as civil officials should be equal to those of western medical doctors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1639-1645
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$) on the ultracellular morphology alteration, apoptosis induction and reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates production of peritoneal macrophages (DPM) from mule ducks. The ducklings were purchased from a commercial hatchery, and were fed a corn-soybean based diet. As the ducklings were grown up to 3 wk of age, the Sephadex-elicited peritoneal exudative cells (PEC) were used as the source for duck peritoneal macrophages. The ultracellular morphology study showed that significant number of cells shifted from category I (normal cell with ruffled membrane) and II (cell membrane blebbing) to category III (cell membrane blebbing and even rupture) after DPM were incubated with $AFB_1$ ($20{\mu}g/ml$) for 12 to 48 h. When DPM were exposed to $AFB_1$ in vitro, the production of NO, $H_2O_2$ and $O_2{^-}$ in macrophages was reduced after 12-48 h incubation with previous LPS stimulation. There was a DNA laddering pattern observed in DPM incubated with $AFB_1$ 5, 10, 20, 50 or $100{\mu}g/ml$ for 12 h. Evidence also revealed that the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased along with the elevation of $AFB_1$ concentration. The results suggest that $AFB_1$ exposure causes duck macrophages going on apoptotic pathway through evidence of ultracellular morphology alteration and DNA laddering in agarose electrophoresis. The production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates of duck macrophages also depressed after $AFB_1$ exposure, and this implied that $AFB_1$ could cause deteriorated functions of bacteriocidal and tumoricidal activity in duck macrophages.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.409-421
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• 2000

According to The Comparative study on the IgA Nephropathy and hematuria, the results were as follows. 1. IgA nephropathy is included in category of the hematuria the part in deficiency of liver-kidney and damp-heat in oriental medicine. 2. The symptoms of hematuia is changes in color of urine-bloody, dark brown, or rusty colored-without pain in oriental medicine. 3. It is occured IgA nephropathy due to vacuity exhaustion, fidgetiness, internal damage, imfection. 4. For the medical prescriptions due to IgA nephropathy are used Sogyeeumja, $Dayebunch\check{o}ngeum$(大分淸飮), Dangguieum(當歸飮), $Ch\check{o}ngjangtang$(淸腸湯), Silyungtang(柴岺湯), Kamisagunjatang(加味四君子湯) as hematuria of symtom of IgA nephropathy.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore the cross-linguistic difference in the spectral movement pattern of American English and Korean vowels. Eight American vowels /a/, /e/, /$\varepsilon$/, /i/, /I/, /o/, /u/, and /$\mho$/, and five Korean vowels, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/ in a fricative-vowel environment produced by adult speakers of each language were analyzed. The spectral movement patterns of the first two formant frequency values were measured and analyzed. The results showed that Korean vowels had minimal spectral movement, both in F1 and F2 values, as compared to American English vowels. Moreover, no consistent direction of movement was found in the three corner Korean vowels, while American English vowels showed consistent direction of movement for each vowel of the same phonemic category.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2010

2010년 국내 4개 제조업체에서 제조한 조제분유 190개, 성장기용 조제분유 95개, 조제우유 15개 등 300개 조제유류를 수집하여 일반세균, 대장균군 및 위해세균에 대한 오염실태를 조사하였다. 그 결과 멸균제품인 조제우유는 일반 세균수, 대장균군을 포함하여 모든 검사에서 음성을 나타내었다. 이에 반하여 비멸균제품인 조제분유와 성장기용 조제분유에서의 일반세균수는 전체 시료 중 83.9%가 검출되었다. 조제분유는 전체 시료 중 72.6%가 g당 10~100 cfu를, 100~1,000 cfu가 7.9%로 조사되었으며, 성장기용조제분유는 전체 시료 중 79.0%가 g당 1~100 cfu를, 100~1,000 cfu가 11.6%로 조사되어 모든 제품이 1,000 cfu/g 이하를 나타내었다. 대장균군에 대한 검사에서는 전제 제품 중 조제분유와 성장기용조제분유가 각각 3건(1.6%)과 1건(1.1%)이 검출되었으며, 그 수준은 3.6, 3.0, 9.1, 9.1 MPN/g으로 조사되어 국내 기준 규격 (n = 5, c = 1, m = 0, M = 10)에 모두 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, FAO/WHO에서 category A 세균으로 분류하고 있는 Salmonella spp.와 Ent. sakazakii에 대한 검사에서는 모두 불검출로 조사되었다. category C group인 c. perfringens, E. coli O157, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes 4종의 식중독 유발 세균에 대한 검사에서도 모두 음성으로 나타났다. category C 세균 종 B. cereus는 조제분유와 성장기조제분유에서 전체 사료 중 12개 제품에서 g당 10-100 cfu의 수준의 균수가 검출되었다. 이와 같이 조제유류의 오염지표 세균 및 위해세균에 대한 검사에서 모두 국내 기준에 적합한 것으로 조사되었다.