• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2022

Dyslipidemia in nephrotic syndrome (NS) is often characterized by marked increases in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other lipoproteins, such as very low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a). It has been suggested that impaired catabolism of lipoproteins and cholesterol is mainly due to decreased lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activity, and increased biosynthesis of lipoproteins in the liver. The management strategies for dyslipidemia in patients with NS consist of lifestyle modification, lipid-lowering agents represented by statins, second-line agents such as fibrates and bile acid sequestrants, and lipid apheresis. Compared with dyslipidemia in adult NS patients, whose risks of atherosclerotic disease and progressive renal injury are considered high, clinical data on dyslipidemia in pediatric NS patients are limited. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in pediatric patients with NS in clinical practice.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.531-534
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• 2023

We report the draft genome sequence of the yeast strain Hormonema macrosporum POB-4, capable of producing the biosurfactant glycocholic acid, one of the bile acids. A majority of genes with known function were associated with metabolism and transport of amino acid and carbohydrate as well as secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism. We observed genes of eleven C-N hydrolases and two CoA transferases which have been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of glycocholic acid. Further experimental studies can help to elucidate the specific genes responsible for biosurfactant production in strain POB-4.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 1993

Pregnancy induced hypertension is multifaceted syndrome with variable involvement of several key organ systems, so sensitive and specific laboratory tests for predicting severity and prognosis, and early diagnosis of this disease are required. Because heme catabolism results in equimolar production of carboxyhemoglobin, iron and bilirubin, a concomittant rise of these parameters would provide confirmation of increased heme catabolism. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia may occurs in severe preeclampsia, but it is not known whether increased red cell turnover occurs with mild preeclampsia as complication. The purpose of this study was to confirm that increased heme catabolism also occurs in patients with mild preeclampsia. The analysis of data was done on 23 cases with mild preeclampsia and 35 normal pregnant women, who were admitted to Yeungnam University Hospital from October 1992 to March 1993. The results were as follows. 1. The mean antepartum serum iron concentration was significantly higher in the group with mild preeclampsia($86.5{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/dl$) than in the controls($53.2{\pm}5.3{\mu}g/dl$). 2. The mean antepartum and postpartum carboxyhemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in the group with mild preeclampsia(antepartum : $2.55{\pm}0.42{\mu}g/dl$, postpartum : $1.21{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/dl$) than the controls(antepartum : $0.61{\pm}0.2{\mu}g/dl$, postpartum $0.53{\pm}0.2{\mu}g/dl$) 3. During postpartum, carboxyhemoglobin concentration in preeclampsia reduced significantly from antepartum level, but, there was no difference between antepartum and postpartum carboxyhemoglobin concentrations among controls. 4. Bilirubin concentrations were similar in both groups.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 1999

Ethanol catabolism is thought to produce metabolic disorders resulting in alcoholic liver disease. To investigate the mutual effects of ethanol catabolism and cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation on the activities of carboxylesterase, we have determined the enzyme activities in rat hepatic (cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal) preparations as well as in rat serum using ten animal models: normal rats (group 1), sham-operated rats (group 2), common bile duct-ligated rats (group 3), ethanol-intoxicated rats (group 4), sham-operation plus chronic ethanol-intoxicated rats (group 5), common bile duct-ligated plus chronic ethanol-intoxicated rats at 1.5h and 24h (groups 7A and 7B), and duct-ligated and acute ethanol intoxicated rats at 1.5 h and 24 h (groups 8A and 8B). The $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values of carboxylesterase from these hepatic preparations of cholestatic rat liver combined with chronic ethanol intoxication were also measured by using ethyl valerate as the substrate from the 14th day post-ligation. Carboxylesterase activities of all hepatic preparations and rat serum (group 3) showed significant decreases compared to the activities from the sham-operated control (group 2). Enzyme kinetic parameters indicated that $V_{max}$ of carboxylesterase from all the hepatic preparations in cholestatic rats (group 3) decreased significantly, although the $K_m$ values were about the same as in the sham-operated control (group 2). When cholestasis was combined with chronic ethanol intoxication (group 6), carboxylesterase activities showed further decrease in all the hepatic preparations and serum compared to the control activity (group 5). The $V_{max}$ also decreased significantly, although $K_m$ values did not change. When common bile duct ligation was combined with acute ethanol intoxication (group 8), the enzyme activities in the rat liver and serum showed significant decrease compared to the activity from acute ethanol-intoxicated rats (group 7). However, quite contrary to this, the activities of serum from acute ethanol intoxication 1.5 h (group 7A) increased significantly compared to the activities in the normal control (group 1). These results, therefore, suggest that the biosynthesis of hepatic carboxyl-esterase seems to decrease when cholestasis is combined with chronic and acute ethanol intoxication, and the decrease in activity is more significant than from cholestasis alone.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1990

Hydrocortisone 50 mg/kg (HC), dehydroepiandrosterone 250 mg/kg (DHEA), ${\beta}-estradiol$ 5 mg/kg (E2), and testosterone 20 mg/kg (TS) were subcutaneously injected into the castrated ICR mice at noon for four days, and the animals were sacrificed at 10-12 A.M. of the fifth day. The intestinal DAO activity was significantly decreased by HC, but it was rather increased by E2 and TS, respectively. And DHEA did not change the DAO activity. But the hepatic MAO activity was not affected by anyone of HC, DHEA, E2, and TS. Aminoguanidine 25 mg/kg produced the marked decrease of the intestinal DAO activity and the significant increases of the intestinal PT and SD contents, but it did not change the hepatic polyamine contents. HC and DHEA induced the significant increase of the intestinal PT content. E2 induced the marked increase of the hepatic PT content and the moderate increase of the intestinal PT content. TS little affected the polyamine contents of the liver and intestine. These results suggest that the E2-induced increase of the hepatic PT content is rather ascribed to the greater enhancement of PT synthesis than the inhibition of polyamine catabolism, and that the HC-induced increase of the intestinal PT content is due partly to the inhibition of polyamine catabolism via DAO.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1635-1647
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• 2023

Muscle atrophy, which is defined as a decrease in muscle mass and strength, is caused by an imbalance between the anabolism and catabolism of muscle proteins. Thus, modulating the homeostasis between muscle protein synthesis and degradation represents an efficient treatment approach for this condition. In the present study, the protective effects against muscle atrophy of ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. (MA) and Angelica keiskei Koidz. (AK) leaves and their mixtures (MIX) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that MIX increased 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide-induced C2C12 myotube thinning, and enhanced soleus and gastrocnemius muscle thickness compared to each extract alone in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy Sprague Dawley rats. In addition, although MA and AK substantially improved grip strength and histological changes for dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in vivo, the efficacy was superior in the MIX-treated group. Moreover, MIX further increased the expression levels of myogenic factors (MyoD and myogenin) and decreased the expression levels of E3 ubiquitin ligases (atrogin-1 and muscle-specific RING finger protein-1) in vitro and in vivo compared to the MA- and AK-alone treatment groups. Furthermore, MIX increased the levels of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that were reduced by dexamethasone, and downregulated the expression of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a) induced by dexamethasone. These results suggest that MIX has a protective effect against muscle atrophy by enhancing muscle protein anabolism through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and attenuating catabolism through the inhibition of FoxO3a.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 1996

The characteristics of cell growth and poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis of Alcaligenes latus ATCC 29713 were investigated. The PHB accumulation pattern of A. latus followed a growth-associated type where the cell growth and PHB accumulation were carried out simultaneously. Various intermediate compounds such as metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, amino acids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were added to examine their effect on cell growth and PHB accumulation. Citrate, tyrosine, and palmitic acid showed the most significant increase both on cell growth and PHB accumulation. Maximum PHB concentrations were noticeably increased about 1.4 to 1.6 times higher than that of control, corresponding to 5.54, 6.45, and 6.45 g/l for citrate, tyrosine, and palmitic acid, respectively. The stimulatory effects of the supplemented metabolites were analyzed in terms of the increment of enzyme activities related to sugar catabolism and PHB biosynthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1181-1188
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate protein expression patterns of liver in response to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by high-concentrate diet. Sixteen healthy mid-lactating goats were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed either a high-forage (HF) diet or a high-concentrate (HC) diet. The HC diet was expected to induce SARA. After ensuring the occurrence of SARA, liver samples were collected. Proteome analysis with differential in gel electrophoresis technology revealed that, 15 proteins were significantly modulated in liver in a comparison between HF and HC-fed goats. These proteins were found mainly associated with metabolism and energy transfer after identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight. The results indicated that glucose, lipid and protein catabolism could be enhanced when SARA occurred. It prompted that glucose, lipid and amine acid in the liver mainly participated in oxidation and energy supply when SARA occurred, which possibly consumed more precursors involved in milk protein and milk fat synthesis. These results suggest new candidate proteins that may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate liver adaptation to SARA.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 1999

When murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells, a TNF-sensitive cell line, were treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (rhTNF-$\alpha$), the activities of glycolytic regulatory enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase increased up to 100-150% compared to the control L929 cells after TNF treatment. By using various metabolic inhibitors and activators, it was found that cAMP-dependent protein kinase is responsible for the increase of activities of the glycolytic enzymes. The activities of glycolytic regulatory enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase of TNF-resistant A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line, did not increase significantly compared to TNF-sensitive L929 cells upon TNF treatment. In contrast, the pyruvate carboxylase activities of A549 cells, but not L929 cells, increased up to 30~40% after TNF treatment. The data suggest that pyruvate carboxylase activity may contribute to the compensation of energy loss mediated by TNF treatment in TNF-resistant A549 cells.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.579-589
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of heating, fiber type used in solid-phase microextraction (SPME, two phase vs three phase) and storage time on the volatile compounds of porcine M. longissimus dorsi (LD). Volatile compounds were measured using a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with a quadrupole mass analyzer. Among the volatile compounds identified, aldehydes (49.33%), alcohols (24.63%) and ketones (9.85%) were higher in pre-heated loins ($100^{\circ}C$/30 min), whereas, alcohols (34.33%), hydrocarbons (22.84%) and ketones (16.88%) were higher in non-heated loins. Heating of loins induced the formation of various volatile compounds such as aldehydes (hexanal) and alcohols. The total contents of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids were higher in two phase fibers, whereas those of esters tended to be higher in three-phase fibers (p<0.05). Most volatile compounds increased (p<0.05) with increased storage time. Thus, the analysis of volatile compounds were affected by the fiber type, while heating and refrigerated storage of pork M. longissimus dorsi increased the volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation and amino acid catabolism, respectively.