• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.617-625
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• 1995

Distribution of wholesale carcass cuts and tissues was studied in Omani Dhofari bulls and steers raised under intensive management and slaughtered over a range of 110 to 210 kg body weight. The fore quarter of Dhofari cattle carcasses was heavier than the hind quarter with the chuck being the heaviest cut in the half carcass followed by the round whereas the flank was the lightest cut. Proportions of the fore quarter and its cuts increased whereas that of the hind quarter and its cuts decreased with increasing carcass weight. The fore quarter contained higher proportions of carcass tissues especially intermuscular fat than the hind quarter. The chuck and round contained the highest proportions of lean and bone and the flank the least. There was a general trend of increasing proportions of fat and decreasing proportions of lean and bone in carcass cuts and fore and hind quarters with increasing slaughter weight and age. As % total body fat (TBF), total carcass fat (TCF) increased whereas total non-carcass fat (TNCF) decreased. The largest proportion of TBF was deposited in the intermuscular site. Among the TNCF depots, the kidney and omental contributed the highest proportions whereas the pelvic and channel were the lowest. Proportions of M. rhomboideus and M. splenius increased in the half carcass whereas that of M. semitendinosus decreased as the cattle increased in size. The axial skeleton contributed 47.4-51.1, the fore limb 21.6-22.6 and the hind limb 23.9-26.2% of the total carcass bone. Proportions of axial skeleton increased whereas that of fore and hind limbs decreased with increasing slaughter weight and age. There were no major effects of castration on the distribution of weight of carcass cuts or carcass tissues. Steers had higher total body fat at 160 kg body weight and higher proportions of mesenteric, scrotal, pelvic, kidney and total non-carcass fat at 210 kg weight than bulls. As % of total body fat, steers fad significantly higher kidney and total non-carcass fat. There was little effects of castration on proportions of dimensions of individual muscles or bones.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.303-306
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• 1998

The three cases of cryptorchid are reported here in order to demonstrate the different surgical techniques that were carried out to remove crytochid testes in dogs and to introduce clinical cases on crytorchidism. Three dogs were presented in the clinic of Ecole Veterinaire de Lyon in May, 1998 with two in the left-sided unilateral abdominal cryptorchid and with one in bilateral inguinal mobile cryptorchid. There were two poodle at the age of more than 4 years old and 8 years old respectively with one boxer at 4 years old. In two abdominal cryptotchids, the skin was incised in caudal paramedian approach. Then, the linea alba were incised and cryptorchidectomy was peformed accompaning one with castration and the other with vasectomy by the request of the owners. In inguinal testicles, prescrotal skin incision was made to remove both testicles. The surgical outcome was good without any Their behaviors became agreeable as the proprietors reported. In the dog with vasectomy, the behavior changes were not noticeable.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2010

A study was conducted to examine the effect of the castration time on growth, meat quality and fatty acid composition of Korean black goats. Forty five male kids were divided into five groups, including control (without castration) and four groups with the kids castrated at 0.5, 3, 5 and 7 months of age, respectively. Average daily body weight gain (ADG) for control was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the castrated groups. ADG did not differ between the castrated groups. The ADG of the male kids castrated at 3 and 5 months of age tended to be higher than the other castrated groups. Dressing percentage for 0.5 months-castrated group was higher than 7 months-castrated group. Retail cut percentages for control was higher (P<0.05) than others, but the retail cut percentages did not differ between the castrated groups. Compared with control, higher fat percentages of carcasses appeared in the castrated groups (P<0.05). The fat percentages gradually increased in earlier castrated animals. As castrated earlier, moisture contents tended to decrease, whereas crude protein and fat contents tended to increase. The different castration time did not affect physical properties of goat meat (shear force, cooking loss, and water holding capacity). Results from panel tests showed that juiciness or tenderness of meats for 5 months-castrated group tended to be higher than those for the other groups. The flavor of meatfor 7-months castrated group appeared to be more favorable compared with 0.5- or 3-months castrated groups (P<0.05). The proportion of saturated fatty acid in meat washigher for 5-months castrated group and lower for 3-months castrated group as compared to the other castrated groups, whereas the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid was vice versa (P<0.05). Mono-unsaturated fatty acid contents did not differ between thecastrated groups. Present results indicatedthat castration at 3 or 5 months of age increased growth performance and meat quality of Korean black goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.709-715
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• 2016

The objective of the research was to determine the chemical composition as well as the physicochemical properties of the longissimus muscle from Korean entire and castrate elk. Twelve elk stags were raised and fed on concentrate with ad libitum hay. All animals were equally divided into castrated and non-castrated (entire) males, and slaughtered at 5 year of age. It was found that entire elk, in comparison with castrate elk, had higher content of moisture and lower content of fat (p<0.05). Compared with entire males, the castrates had lower pH and shear force values (p<0.05). However, castrates had higher $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values compared with entires (p<0.05). An analysis of the fatty acid profile revealed that the muscles of entire and castrate elk had the most abundant concentrations of the following fatty acids: palmitic acid (C16:0) of the saturated fatty acid, and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) of the unsaturated fatty acid. The entire elk contains higher proportions of linoleic acid (C18:3n6), eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9), and arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) (p<0.05). Cholesterol content in elk was not affected by castration. The predominant free amino acid was glutamic acid related to umami taste. It is apparent that the castrate animals carried higher content of histidine, isoleucine, and leucine than those of the entire group (p<0.05). In this study, it was concluded that venison quality of elk is affected by castration and these results can provide fundamental information for venison production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate changes in physico-chemical characteristics of Hanwoo carcass according to different castration and slaughtering ages. Total 75 Hanwoo calves(average 4 months old) were randomly assigned to Control(bulIs). Treatment I. Il , III. or IV(castrated on 4. 9. 12. and 16 months of age, respectively) and slaughtered at 7. 9. 12, 16, and 28 months of age. Moisture contents in M. Longissimus dorsi of both Hanwoo bulls and steers were decreased as the slaughtering age increased. Moisture contents in all steer groups were significantly(P <0.05) lower(average 68.63%) than that in bulls(72.18%) at 28 months of age. Crude fat contents tended to increase as the slaughtering age increased. Crude fat contents in Treatment III(castrated at 12 months of age) at 28 months of age were 10.24% which was the highest among all steer groups. Crude protein contents in M. Longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo bulls were around 23% regardless of slaughtering age. Water holding capacity(WHC) of both bulls and steers tended to increase as the animals aged. Steers showed rapid increase in WHC after 16 months of age and showed higher(78.39%)) WHC than bulls(70.00%) at 28 months of age. Palmitic acid(CI8: 0) contents in Hanwoo bulls were increased as the slaughtering age increased(20.92 \longrightarrow 24.22%) whereas stearic acid(CI8: 0) contents were decreased(I8.l5 \longrightarrow11.32%). Oleic acid(CI8: I). a major unsaturated fatty acid. significantly(P <0.05) increased(25.59 \longrightarrow 37.90%) when slaughtering age of Hanwoo increased. Changes in fatty acid composition in Hanwoo steers were similar to those in bulls except oleic acid contents were higher and stearic acid contents were lower than bulls at 28 months of age.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine on pig growth, carcass quality, and sensory perceptions of pork meat by Thai consumers. Male crossbred pigs (n = 30) were separated into three groups of 10 pigs each: boars, immunocastrated pigs, and surgically castrated pigs. The immunocastrated group was immunized at 13 and 19 weeks of age with GnRH vaccine ($400{\mu}g/dose$). All pigs were slaughtered at 24 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected and testes size determined. Testes weight and back fat thickness were recorded at the time of slaughter, and meat samples were collected for sensory assessment by Thai consumers. Testosterone and progesterone concentration levels decreased significantly two weeks after the second dose of GnRH (p < 0.05), and the GnRH antibody titer of the immunocastrated pigs was significantly high two weeks after the second dose of GnRH (p < 0.05). GnRH vaccine significantly reduced the weight and size of testes. Thai consumers reported no significant differences in odor or flavor among meat samples from the three groups. In conclusion, immunocastration improved growth performance, removed the need for castration surgery, and avoided "boar taint" in the meat. It has also no distinct trace of the boar taint same as pork that is currently produced from physically castrated pig which is making it acceptable to consumers.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 1990

This experiment was conducted to compare the fatty acid composition in the backfat and the levels of testosterone and androstenone in the serum of boars, barrows and gilts. The results obrained are summarized as follows : 1. The contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid in the backfat of barrows increased as their body weight increased and the levels of them were higher in barrows than in boars. However, the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid were lower in barrows than in boars. 2. The levels of testosterone in boars at 70, 90 and 110 kg of body weight were 3.25, 5.66 and 4.5ng/ml respectively, while those of barrows or gilts were 0.01-0.43ng/ml. 3. The level of androstenone in boars at 110kg of body weight was higher(1.04ng/ml) than that at 70kg of body wight(0.44ng/ml), but there was little difference in the levels of it by body weight or age in barrows and gilts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.401-405
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of caponization on the growth performance, breast and thigh muscles physical properties and fiber diameter of the Pectoralis major and Gastrocnemius pars externa in Taiwan country chicken cockerels. Caponized birds were surgically altered at 10 weeks of age. Birds were fed grower and finisher diets ad libitum during an eighteen-week experimental period. The results indicated that the live weight and feed intake in the capons were significantly (p<0.05) higher and the shank length was significantly (p<0.05) longer than in intact birds. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in feed conversion and mortality between two treatments at 28 weeks of age. Compared with intact birds, the capons had greater (p<0.05) tenderness in the breast and thigh muscles. Cohesion of the breast muscle in the capons was significantly (p<0.05) better than in the intact birds, but the thigh muscles were not significantly (p>0.05) affected. No treatment differences (p>0.05) were associated with cooking loss, muscle chewiness, and elasticity. The capons had a significantly (p<0.05) smaller fiber diameter in the Pectoralis major, but were not significantly (p>0.05) different in the fiber diameter of the Gastrocnemius pars externa. It is concluded that castration did not depress growth compared with the intact birds, but did improve muscle tenderness. This difference was most pronounced in the thigh muscles.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1043-1061
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• 2018

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in skeletal muscle including the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM), also known as marbling fat, is one of the most important factors determining beef quality in several countries including Korea, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Genetics and breed, management, and nutrition affect IMF deposition. Japanese Black cattle breed has the highest IMF content in the world, and Korean cattle (also called Hanwoo) the second highest. Here, we review results of research on genetic factors (breed and sex differences and heritability) that affect IMF deposition. Cattle management factors are also important for IMF deposition. Castration of bulls increases IMF deposition in most cattle breeds. The effects of several management factors, including weaning age, castration, slaughter weight and age, and environmental conditions on IMF deposition are also reviewed. Nutritional factors, including fat metabolism, digestion and absorption of feed, glucose/starch availability, and vitamin A, D, and C levels are important for IMF deposition. Manipulating IMF deposition through developmental programming via metabolic imprinting is a recently proposed nutritional method to change potential IMF deposition during the fetal and neonatal periods in rodents and domestic animals. Application of fetal nutritional programming to increase IMF deposition of progeny in later life is reviewed. The coordination of several factors affects IMF deposition. Thus, a combination of several strategies may be needed to manipulate IMF deposition, depending on the consumer's beef preference. In particular, stage-specific feeding programs with concentrate-based diets developed by Japan and Korea are described in this article.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.119-124
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate meat quality and sensory characteristics between castrated and non-castrated dairy goats. Dairy goat of Saanen breeds was slaughtered at an age of 6 mon. Then, characteristics of dairy goat meat were analyzed to chemical compositions, collagen content, pH, meat color, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, shear force, protein solubility, and myofibrillar protein fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Also, odor from dairy goat meats was analyzed by sensory evaluation and volatile substances by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, the chemical compositions and physicochemical characteristics were not significantly different between castrated and non-castrated dairy goats meat. Also, there is no difference protein solubility (sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and total protein) and protein fraction by SDS-PAGE. Sensory evaluation results in odour scores are highly (p<0.05) non-castration dairy goat meat better than castration. As a result, overall palatability was higher (p<0.05) in castrated goat meat when compared with non-castrated one. The indole and octadecanoic acid by GC-MS based on sensory evaluation results were only detected in non-castrated dairy goat meat. Therefore, distribution for goat meats castrated compared to non-castrated dairy goat meat is expected to be able to get a good response to the Korean consumer.