• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2004

This study investigated the effects of carnitine and/or ${\gamma}$ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on lipid profiles and some immune related nutrient in mice. Balb/c male mice were orally treated with either an AIN-76 diet (Con), a control diet plus carnitine (CS, 0.5 g/kg bw), a control diet plus GABA (GS, 0.5 g/kg bw) or a control diet plus carnitine plus GABA (CGS, 0.25 g/kg bw, respectively) for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed consumption, energy intake, body weight gain or feed efficiency ratio among the groups during the experimental period. However, abdominal fat deposits were smaller in CS, GS and CGS groups compared with the Con group. Serum and liver triglycerides also were lower in CS, GS and CGS and serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in the CGS group compared with the Con group. Serum LDL cholesterol was lower in the CGS group and liver HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the CS group compared with Con group. In serum, stearic acid and selecholeic acid were lower, but arachidic acid was higher in the CS group. Liver stearic acid was higher but oleic acid lower in CGS group compared with Con group. In carnitine supplemented groups, serum and liver nonesterified carnitine (NEC), acidsoluble acylcarnitine (ASAC), total carnitine (TCNE) concentrations were higher in only the CS group, not CGS group. Serum vitamin A and E concentrations were not different among the groups. These results may suggest that carnitine and/or GABA supplementation improves lipid profiles in mice, but did not affect the immune-related nutrients that we measured under the experimental conditions of this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.309-312
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• 2010

This was conducted to determine the effects of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by L-carnitine in the ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. OVX group (n=10) received operation and no treatment. OVX+Carn group (n=10) received operation and L-carnitine. Body weight was significantly lower in OVX+Carn group than in all other groups. Also, organ weight such as heart, liver, spleen and kidney was measured. The heart and spleen weight were significantly lower in the OVX+Carn group than in the Intact and Sham group. The liver weight in the OVX+Carn group was significantly differences in comparison with those in the other groups. Also, there was significantly differences in the organ weight of kidney between in the OVX+Carn group and in the other groups. The hematological values of WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were no significant differences in any other groups. The total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein decreased significantly in the OVX+Carn group as compared to those in the OVX group. But, there were no significant differences in low density lipoprotein in any other groups. We conclude that L-carnitine enhanced the body weight in the ovariectomized rats. Our findings suggest that L-carnitine may influence the process of absorption of fat in the ovariectomized rats.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.894-901
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of cell cultured Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) supplementation and swimming exercise on lipid profiles and carnitine concentrations in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat diets. Male C57BL/6J mice (n=50), aged 4 weeks, were divided into 5 groups based on exercise and/or ASE supplementation (0.5 g/kg of body weight): normal diet (N-C), high fat diet (H-C), high fat diet non-supplement & exercise (H-NSE), high fat diet supplement & no exercise (H-SNE), high fat diet supplement & exercis (H-SE). Liver nonesterified carnitine (NEC) was significantly higher in the H-SNE group than in the H-C group, and liver total carnitine (TCNE) levels were significantly higher in the H-SNE group than in the H-NSE and H-SE groups. Liver and muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA levels tended to be higher with ASE supplementation and/or exercise. These results suggest that supplementation with ASE and/or exercise might have a role in improving lipid oxidation.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.171-177
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• 2014

L-Carnitine is an antioxidant for the transport of fatty acids in mitochondria and breakdown of lipids for metabolic energy. Some studies have suggested that carnitine improves sperm motility in mammals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine on the characteristics in fresh semen of miniature pigs. The collected fresh semen was stored in modena B medium with L-carnitine (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) for 10 days at $18^{\circ}C$. The semen quality of viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondria integrity was analyzed on 0, 3, 7, and 10 day of semen storage. The percentages of live and dying sperm were not different among treatment groups with different concentrations of L-carnitine during the storage period. In acrosome reaction analysis, when the sperm stored for 7 day, the percentages of live sperm with acrosome reaction were significantly (p<0.05) lower in 1 ($9.0{\pm}0.9%$), 2 ($7.6{\pm}0.2%$) or 4 mg/ml ($7.9{\pm}0.8%$) L-carnitine-treated groups than the control group (0 mg/ml L-carnitine) ($11.12{\pm}0.2%$). However, there were no difference in percentages of live sperm with acrosome reaction for 3 and 10 days of storage with each concentrations of L-carnitine. When sperm was stored for 3 and 10 days, the percentages of live sperm with mitochondria integrity were significantly higher in 2 mg/ml of L-carnitine-treated group than control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the L-carnitine has a positive effect on acrosome reaction and mitochondria integrity in liquid state of fresh semen in miniature pigs.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.227.1-227.1
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• 2003

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of L-Carnitine, is the acetyl ester of carnitine that has been reported to be beneficial in depressive disorders and Alzheimer's disease.ALC is so hygroscopic that deliquescence took place when it absorbed moisture by 15%(w/w) in a week and then reached steady-state at 45%(w/w) in 40$^{\circ}C$, 75% RH storage condition. Therefore it is necessary to prevent ALC from absorbing atmospheric moisture. For this purpose, we chose hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) an enteric polymer, as a film former. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2005

Two hundred and eighty-eight 21-week-old Hyline Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to 9 treatments, 32 birds for each treatment. A 3${\times}$3 (chromium${\times}$L-carnitine) factorial experiment was designed to investigate the single and interactive effects of adding yeast chromium (0, 400 and 600 ${\mu}g/kg$) and L-carnitine (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) to corn-soybean diets on lipid metabolism of laying hens for 7 weeks. The results showed that 600 ${\mu}g/kg$ chromium or 100 mg/kg L-carnitine had significant effects on most indices of lipid metabolism (p<0.05 or 0.01). There were significant interactions on the concentration of liver triglycerides, egg yolk cholesterol, abdominal fat percentage between chromium and L-carnitine (p=0.0003-0.0500). Adding 400 ${\mu}g/kg$ chromium and 100 mg/kg Lcarnitine simultaneously was the best for reducing egg yolk cholesterol and adding 400 ${\mu}g/kg$ chromium and 50 mg/kg L-carnitine at the same time was the best for reducing abdominal fat percentage. There was no side effect on production performance of laying hens while chromium or (and) L-carnitine reduced liver lipid, abdominal fat and egg yolk cholesterol.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2020

Objective: The genes Bcl-2 and Bax play important roles in apoptosis. Many studies have shown that formalin has a strong deleterious effect on male fertility and can induce apoptosis. L-carnitine has been reported to potentially reverse the negative effects of formalin, leading to improved spermatogenesis. In this study, we examined the levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mice treated with formalin and L-carnitine. Methods: Thirty adult BALB/c mice were categorized into three groups. The mice in the control group (n = 10) were not injected with any substance. The mice in the second group (n = 10) received 10 mg/kg of formalin daily via an intraperitoneal injection, while those in the final group (n = 10) were intraperitoneally injected daily with a dose of 10 mg/kg of formalin and 100 mg/kg of L-carnitine. All mice were kept in isolated cages for 31 days. Results: The expression of Bax was significantly higher in the formalin-treated mice than in the mice of the control group, while the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly lower in the formalin-treated mice than in the control mice. Additionally, relative to control mice, Bcl-2 expression increased and Bax expression decreased in the mice administered both formalin and L-carnitine. Conclusion: In this study, L-carnitine was shown to augment Bcl-2 expression and to reduce Bax expression, indicating that this compound may inhibit apoptosis. Due to its positive effects, L-carnitine can be used as a prophylactic treatment for people who routinely come into direct contact with formalin as an occupational hazard.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.217.3-217.3
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• 2003

Acetyl-L-carnitine, a physiological component of the L-carnitine family, has been proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. Acetyl-L-carnitine and d3-acetylcarnitine (internal standard) were analyzed by electrospray ionization / tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS) after derivatization to their butylesters through treatment with butanolic hydrogen chloride. Acetyl-L-carnitine produced a protonated precursor ion at m/z 260 and a corresponding product ion of m/z 85. Analytes were separated on a Capcell Pak C18 (2.0${\times}$150mm, 5 mm). (omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.322-328
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• 1989

The effect of dietary carnitine on ethanol-induced fattv liver and hvpertriglyceridemia was examined in an animal model. Consistent with literature, ethanol fed at 5g/Kg of b.w. to rats produced a significant increase in hepatic concentrations of total lipid, kislycerine, phospholi-pid, free cholesterol and esteriaed cholesterol as well as elevated plasma concentrations of triglvceride. It was when the ethanol diet was supplemented with D.L. camitine that there was a singini-cant reduction in the accumulation of lipids in the ethanol-compromised liver. Dietary cacti-tine was also effective in ameliorating ethanol-induced hypeuriglyceridemia. Total protein con-tents in the plasma was not varied among the groups. Ethanol의 대사과정에 관여하는 영향중에 특징적인 것으로 과유지방혈증(hyperlipidemia) 까 지방간(fatty liver)을 거쳐 간경변에 이르는 간에 관계하는 일련의 증상들을 들 수 있다. 본 실험에서는 만성적 ethanol의 지방대사 장해에 대한 D.L.-carnitine의 효과에 대해 고찰하였다. 실험용 횐쥐를 사용하여 실험군(ethanol group)에게 체중 kg당 5g의 ethanol(30% in saline)을 투여하여 알콜유발성 지방간과 과유지방혈증을 일으키고, 그 실험군 흰쥐들에게 carnitine(0.4 mg/g of body weight)을 첨가하여 그 효과를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 carnitine을 첨가하여 투여한 흰쥐들에서 ethanol처리군과 비교하여 볼 때 간과 혈장에서 지방축적이 현저히 감소하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.118-129
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lysine-limited diets containing different levels of L-carnitine on body weight and lipid metabolism in obesity-induced adult rats. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 90) were raised for one month with high fat diet (40% fat as calorie) to induce obesity. After induction of obesity, rats weighing 739.5 g were randomly blocked into three groups according to the body weight and raised for eight weeks with control diet (Co), 50% lysine-limited diet (-L), 50% lysine limitation with 0.3% pivalate diet (-L + P). Each of three groups was allotted to 0.0% L-carnitine (0.0% CT), 0.5% L-carnitine (0.5% CT) and 2.5% L-carnitine (2.5% CT) groups, respectively. The levels of AST, ALT, total protein and albumin in plasma were within the normal range. Daily food intake and calorie intake tended to be lower in 2.5% CT groups than those of other groups regardless lysine limitation or pivalate intake. And body weight gain and calorie efficiency ratio (weight gain (g) /calorie intake (100 kcal)) were significantly the lowest in 2.5% CT groups among all experimental groups regardless of lysine limitation or pivalate intake. The weights of perirenal, epididymal fat pads and brown adipose tissue in 2.5% CT groups were significantly lower than 0.0% CT groups. Plasma total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol concentrations in all groups were not significant by experimental compound. HDL-cholesterol concentrations in -L + P +2.5% CT group were highest in -L + P groups. Levels of hepatic total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in 2.5% CT groups were tend to be lower those than in 0.0% CT groups regardless of dietary lysine limitation and pivalate intake. Fecal total lipid excretions of 2.5% CT groups were significantly lower than in 0.0% CT groups in all experimental groups. But fecal triglyceride excretions of 2.5% CT groups were significantly higher than 0.0% CT groups regardless of lysine limitation and pivalate. In conclusion, there was no difference on body weight and lipid metabolism by dietary lysine limitation and pivalate intake. And feeding of 2.5% L-carnitine was more effective than feeding of 0.5% L-carnitine and 0.0% L-carnitine in reduction of body weight, body fat and lipid metabolism.