• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2016

This study analyzes the effects of caring for grandchildren on Korean grandparents' health, using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging from 2006 to 2012. We investigate how caregiving is provided and analyze the effects of caregiving on grandparents' physical health, mental health, and health-related behaviors. As elderly people's health is generally frail, it is unclear whether the provision of childcare affects their health negatively. We control for the endogeneity of caregiving by an individual fixed effect (FE) model and instrumental variable-fixed effect (FE-IV) models. Using these models, we determine the endogeneity of caregiving and show that the significant effects of caregiving on health disappear as we control for endogeneity in the FE and FE-IV models. Even after controlling for endogeneity, we find that caregiving increases the probability of feeling pain as well as the number of different types of pain. Furthermore, caregiving increases the probability of restrictions on daily activities because of pain. On the other hand, caregiving reduces the symptoms of depression. In relation to health-related behaviors, caregiving reduces the probability of physical exercise and regular meals. Our results imply that although caregiving has a positive effect on mental health, the increase in physical pain and in non-healthy behaviors may lead to a deterioration of the caregiver's long-term health, which in turn may increase the medical costs of the elderly. Potential policy alternatives are discussed in the paper.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 1998

Rearing is important to the growth and development of the child. Traditionally, nurturing is a maternal role which is expressive role. Maternal role was composed of mothering and maternicity. Rearing is a key concept of psychology, education and sociology discipline. Knowledge of the rearing is an essential component for the development of nursing as a science and a profession. The first thing to study a concept is thought to be a concept analysis. So, in this study, concept analysis of the rearing was performed to clarify a concept of the rearing as a basis for the study of rearing afterward. The approach used for the concept analysis was the approach presented by Walker and Avant (1993). The defining attributes of rearing, identified in this study were (1) a series of caring activities in parent-child relation, (2) an essential of the growth and development of a child, (3) changeable according to time, place and object, (4) effort is necessary to the rearing, (5) positive or negative aspects (6) attitude, behavior, environment is sub-concepts of the rearing concept. The identified antecedents of the rearing was child-birth. The identified consequences of rearing were desirable or undesirable outcomes. Desirable outcome was the emotional satisfaction and growth in parent-child relation. Undesirable outcome was the emotional disorder and social maladaptation of the child. The empirical referents of the rearing could be the caring phenomena in parent-child relation.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate an education program to take care of the elderly in the rural area. The education program that includes 4 sessions are carried out in the community center. The 4 sessions are to understand rural elderly and volunteer role, help elderly's daily living, aid elderly to use welfare services and support the elderly's leisure. The subjects were 30 persons under 60 years of age living in Jangseong and Hoengsung villages. By paired t-test, knowledge on caring and the attitude for elderly and volunteer showed significant differences between before and after the education program. After the training, 66.7% of the subjects answered 'yes' to the question that asked whether they would like to participate in caring volunteer for neighboring elderly. Subjects's positively changed attitude can stimulate positive behavior that eventually enables them to provide high quality services. The satisfaction of the program showed high scores for contents, place and operation of education.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parenting efficacy, parenting behavior, and parenting stress on children's problematic behavior in Korea and China. The subjects were 292 children and their mothers who are caring for their 3-5 years old children in Korea and China. Data was collected using a parenting efficacy index, parenting behavior index, parenting stress index and child behavior check list. The data were statistically analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA (Scheff$\acute{e}$ test), correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were no significant differences in parenting efficacy, parenting behavior, parenting stress and children's problematic behavior in Korea and China. There were some significant differences in children's problematic behavior according to the socio-demographic variables, that is the gender of the child, the mother's education, the father's education, in Korea and China. Correlation analysis indicated that the parenting efficacy, parenting behavior, parenting stress and children's problematic behavior in Korea and China had significant correlations in some sub-variables. It was also found that the gender of the child, the mother's education, the father's education, the frustration and uneasiness of the parents, the control behavior, and the stress of parent-child dysfunctional interaction, were all significant predictors of the preschool children's problematic behavior in Korea, and the mother's education, the family income, the affection behavior, the rejection behavior, and the control behavior, were all significant predictors of the preschool children's problematic behavior in China.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among parenting role sharing, parenting stress, happiness, and parenting behavior of mothers with 6-year-old children. Methods: This study used data from the seventh Panel Study of Korean Children, which began collecting longitudinal data on a sample of newborn households nationwide in 2008 and will continue yearly until 2027. The participants were 1,560 mothers of children aged 6 years. We conducted statistical analyses using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 36.8±3.7 years. The mothers' perceived parenting role sharing (r=.07, p=.007), parenting stress (r=-.54, p<.001), and happiness (r=.38, p<.001) were significantly correlated with warm parenting behavior. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that parenting stress (β=-.47, p<.001), happiness (β=.15, p<.001), and parenting role sharing (β=.11, p<.001) were significant predictors for warm parenting behavior by mothers. Conclusion: It is essential to reduce mothers' stress and increase their positive emotions (happiness). Fathers should actively share parenting roles in raising children to enhance mothers' warm parenting behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.215-219
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• 2014

C programming language has undefined behaviors, which cause unintended execution of a program. When a programmer adds sanity checks without caring about undefined behaviors, compilers may misunderstand and invalidate the sanity checks. Thus, we propose an automated system to detect invalidated sanity checks by marking sanity checks in source code and checking the marks in binary code.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental stress, social support, and coping behavior on burnout among mothers caring for children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional, descriptive study were 185 mothers who completed a self-report structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses with IBM SPSS Win 22 program. Results: Parental stress and coping behavior were strong predictors of burnout among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. These variables explained 50.0% of the variance in burnout. Social support was not a predictor of burnout. A higher level of burnout was associated with higher levels of parental stress and lower levels of social support and coping behavior. Conclusion: Mothers of children with cerebral palsy are vulnerable to burnout. These results show that effective strategies for reducing parental stress and improving positive coping behavior are needed to reduce burnout in these mothers.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-191
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing nursing care behavior for hospitalized elderly patients who have no family caregiver. Methods : Participants were 170 nurses working in general hospitals in G city. Data were collected from November to December, 2015 and analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. Results : There were significant correlations among experience, empathy, and nursing care behavior. Experience and empathy were significant factors influencing nursing care behavior and explained 29.4% of the variance in the score; in particular, empathy had a positive effect on nursing care behavior. Conclusions : The results show that theempathy of nurses' is the most important factor in caring for elderly patients who have no family caregiver. Nurse education programs should be developed that increase the empathy of nurses to improve the quality of nursing care for the elderly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.694-705
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to describe the health behavior experience of middle-aged Korean women in rural areas, and to help understand their health practice, perceive their nursing needs and provide guidelines to developing appropriate nursing interventions. Method: The participants were 18 healthy middle-aged women living in rural areas, with no serious illness that require hospitalization. The data was collected through interviews and participant observation, analyzed by the grounded theory methodology of Strauss & Corbin(1997). The data collection period was from April to November of 2001. Result: Depending on the paradigm model, the central phenomenon was family-oriented pursuing of yangsaeng. The causal condition was less confidence on one's own health, responsibilities in caring for family. The contexts were cultural system. The intervening condition was information system, support system, limitation of approaching a medical institution. The action/ interaction strategies were yangsaeng through dietary practice, yangsaeng through promoting clothing and housing, yangsaeng through exercise, practice of folk therapy, yangsaeng through mental hygiene, and use of medical institution. The consequences were stabilization of body and mind, and stabilization of family. Conclusion: It is recommended for nurses to understand health behavior experience of middle-aged women, and provide nursing intervention with theoretical scheme and practical principles so that these women can pursue the family-oriented process of yangsaeng.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.297-317
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• 2004

As many precedent studies have shown, most children grow receiving influence from their parents. The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for better preventive approach by finding out the relationship between the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of elementary school children and maternal behavior characteristics. Moreover, the purpose of this study was to present basic materials for developing program of children and create good relationship between child and parents for better education. For the purposes, two hypotheses were posed. Hypothesis 1： There would be a significant disparity in maternal behavior between the ADHD group and the non-ADHD group. Hypothesis 2： The environment could have an influence on maternal behavior characteristics. The subjects in this study were 71 mothers who had children with ADHD and 69 mothers who had non-ADHD, who selected from mothers of third to sixth graders in elementary school in Kyonggi, Suwon. The instruments used for the diagnosis of ADHD was DSA-IV. The data were analyzed with ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) by SPSSWIN Program. The findings of this study were as fellows： First, Hypothesis 1 was accepted. The mothers who had ADHD children had rejective behavior characteristics in while the mothers group who had non-ADHD children had controling behavior characteristics but there was no significant difference in affectionate attitude and autonomic attitude. Second, hypothesis 2 was accepted generally. The psychological and physical environment had correlation with maternal behavior characteristics. Especially, there was a significant correlational relationship between the maternal satisfaction for their life and rejection of maternal behavior. The following conclusion could be made from the above mentioned findings. First, The maternal behavior characteristics resulted in severe ADHD for children which justified the need of proper education for mothers to care children wellbeing. Second, The environment of psychology had an influence on maternal behavior. This showed that it is essential to develope educational program and counselling system for mothers