• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.87-102
• /
• 1980

In order to investigate the utilization probability of two years old laying hen for W.L. and R.I.R. breeds, carcass weight and percentage were examined and dried old chicken meat products were manufactured for experiments. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Average living body weight were 1,635.40g for the W.L. breeds and 2,289.29g for the R.I.R. breeds and percentage carcass and lean meat for the W.L. were 58.73% and 43.95%, for the R.I.R. 60.34%, 41.98%, respectively. 2. In constitution percentage of carcass on different parts for W.L. and R.I.R. breeds, head were 4.13% and 3.94%, wing 9.97% and 8.62%, breast 32.54% and 20.94%, back 11.35% and 9.75%, thigh 30.75% and 31.34%, hypordermic fat 11.37% and 17.34%, respectively. 3. In constitution percentage of lean meat on different parts for W.L. and R.I.R. breeds, head were 4.03% and 3.95%, wing 9.47% and 9.79%, breast 39.37% and 38.14%, back 11.24% and 9.40%, thigh 36.16% and 38.74%, respectively. 4. In chemical composition of old chicken meat for W.L. breed, moisture was 68.18%, crude protein 22.80%, crude fat 2.70%, extract 5.15% and crude ash 1.18% and for R.I.R. breed, moisture was 68.04%, crude protein 22.18%, crude fat 3.13%, extract 5.45% and crude ash 1.21%. 5. Weight loss in steaming for W.L. at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30min., 60min., and 90min. were 54.91, 56.43 and 58.42%, respectively, and for R.I.R. were 45.23, 47.68 and 49.68%, respectively. 6. The yield of old chicken meat product per a hen were 253.01g for W.L. and 368.64g for R.I.R., the ratio for fresh meat weight and for carcass weight were 35.47% and 26.34% for W.L. breed and 38.25 and 26.83% for R.I.R. breed. 7. In chemical composition of old chicken meat product for W.L., moisture was 16.69%, crude protein 66.16%, crude fat 12.81%, crude ash 4.35%, and R.I.R., moisture 16.11%, crude protein 65.95%, crude fat 13.78% and crude ash 4.57%. 8. To investigate the physical properties which was main factor affecting the product quality, tensile strength, tear strength and elongation rate were measured. The adhesive force of the product made under pressure of $70kg/cm^2$ was similar to those of chipo which was the control product. 9. When measured the color of each protein product, lightness of the product pressed at $70kg/cm^2$ was better than that at $35kg/cm^2$, and the lightness of breast muscle product at $70kg/cm^2$ and chipo was not significant as 16.7% and 16.4%, respectively. Dominant wavelength of product pressed at $70kg/cm^2$ was very similar to chipo which was yellowish orange. 10. In the results of sensory evaluation test containing taste, color, chewing texture and oder of the meat product, when index of chipo as control product was 100, index of breast meat product was higher than that as 118.4, but miscellaneous product was 99.7 and thigh product was 96.2. 11. Summing up the results written above, the meat product utilizing two years old laying hen was compared favorably with its similar food such as chipo on the point of nutrition and physical properties as high protein food, therefore, it was thought that industrialization must be highly appropriate.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.963-974
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the growth performance, carcass characteristics, physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition of muscle tissues of Hanwoo steers when they were fed diets containing four levels of E. ulmoides leaves. Steers were allotted to one of four dietary treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute Eucommia ulmoides for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of the rice straw in the basal diet. Seventy two Hanwoo steers (321±13kg) were used. Average daily gain (0.81-0.86kg) and feed conversion (10.05-10.59) were not changed by feeding E. ulmoides leaves. Emission of fecal ammonia gas was decreased by increasing substitution levels of E. ulmoides leaves. Emission of ammonia gas in feces of steers were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the 5% and 10% treatments at 40℃ compared with in control (30.6ppm) and 3% treatment (29.8ppm), respectively 20.3 and 21.6ppm. Back fat thickness was higher (p<0.05) in steers fed control diet (15.0mm) than 5 and 10% E. ulmoides diets (10.2 and 10.5mm respectively). The grade ‘A’ appearances of meat yield of steers were increased up to 20% by the 3% substitution of E. ulmoides leaves, and the grades ‘1+’ and ‘1’ appearances of meat quality were significantly improved (p<0.05) by the 5 and 10% Eucommia ulmoides feeding. There was no statistical difference in meat color of loin and top round among all treatments. It appeared that the 5% and 10% E. ulmoides leaves feeding affected (p<0.05) a increase in oleic acid concentration in loin and top round muscles. The concentration of serum cholesterol was lower (p<0.05) in steers fed 10% E. ulmoides (53.3mg/100g) than that of the other treatments (55.7-57.0mg/100g). The diarrhea incidence was about 20.26% in control, while it was lower (p<0.05) in the 5 and 10% E. ulmoides leaves treatments (10.4-12.5%) than control. There was no statistical difference in the occurrences of respiratory disease among all treatments. It is concluded that E. ulmoides leaves should be a prospective feed additive because it contains various functional substances. It is likely that air-dried E. ulmoides leaves can reduce the back fat thickness of Hanwoo steers and the occurrences of diarrhea. Therefore, the 5 and 10% substitution of E. ulmoides for roughage are highly recommended to be used in practice.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2003

All diets were based on feeds of fattening period pigs(LY x D, ca. 90 kg) with six treatments, which were the control, containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallows and 2% perilla seeds oil(T1), 250 ppm vit. E(${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250 ppm vit. E in T3(T4), and 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(T5), respectively. Produced porks and their carcass characteristics were as follows. The daily gain of pigs was higher in T2 and 73 than any other treatments(p<0.05). Its T2 and T3 was 3.71 and 3.80 respectively, however, there was no significance in feed intake. The highest back fat thickness was shown in control group on market weight, while there was no significant difference on their initial weight. Loin-eye muscle area did not show any significant difference on initial weight and on market weight, however, its T5 was about twice as large as T2's. Content of triglyceride in blood was high in control group as compared to others; especially, the values for T3, T4 and T5 were significantly low(p <0.05). There was no significant difference in total cholesterol contents, and the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol was higher in vit. E treated samples than untreated sample. Atherogenic index was high in sample with T3 and low in sample with T2. The perilla seed oil, squid fish oil, and vit. E decreased atherogenic index. Dressing percentage, back fat thickness, and grade did not show any significant difference(p >0.05); however, T2, C and T3, T1 and T5 showed 4.67, 4.29, 4.00 respectively, in grades.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.449-457
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage on growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of eighteen $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs $(94.03\pm0.71kg)$ were used in a 28-days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON(commercial diet ME 3,350 kcal/kg and crude fiber $2.84\%$), 2) T1(ME 3,294kcal/kg and crude fiber $2.99\%$ diet with rye silage $1.66\%$) and 3) T2(ME 3,237kcal/kg and crude fiber $3.15\%$ with rye silage $3.32\%$). In growth performance, total feed intake, basal feed intake and average daily feed intake were significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatments than CON treatment(P<0.05). Cortisol concentration in blood of pigs fed rye silage was significantly decreased compare to pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). In meat quality characteristics, the hunter's $L^*$ value and marbling of pork were the highest in T2 treatment among treatments (P<0.05). Fatty acid composition in lean meat, the composition of palmitic and arachidic acid were significantly Higher in CON than others(P<0.05), also, palmitoleic acid was highest in T2 treatment among treatments(P<0.05). In fats those, palmitic and arachidic acid were the highest in CON treatment than those of other treatments(P<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen in pigs fed T1 and T2 diets were greater than that of pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). Propionic acid concentration of fecal was the highest in T1 treatment among treatments(P<0.05). In conclusion, feed intake, the hunter's $L^*$ value, meat color of sensory evaluation and marbling of pork were affected by $3.32\%$ rye silage feeding.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.391-396
• /
• 2005

The objective of this study was carried out investigate the changes of carcass characteristics, physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition in crossbred pigs (Korean native breed ${\times}$ Landrace breed) by backfat thickness. A total 182 Pigs were divided into 3 groups by there backfat thickness, i.e., <11.80mm, $11.80\~25.01mm\;and\;25.01mm<.$ The live weight carcass weight and dressing percent of backfat thickness 25.01mm< group were higher compared to those for backfat thickness <11,80mm and $11.80\~25.01mm group, but the final grade were lower. The pH of backfat thickness 25.01mm< group were higher compared to those for backfat thickness <11.80mm and $11.80\~25.01mm$ group. Shear lone of 25.01 mm< group were lower than that of other groups. Water, crude fat content and cooking loss have no difference between the 3 groups. The hardness of backfat thickness 25.01mm< group were higher compared to those for backfat thickness <11.80mm and $11.80\~25.01mm$ group. The yellowness $(b^*)$ of meat and fat color in backfat thickness 25.01mm< group were lower compared to those for backfat thickness <11.80mm and $11.80\~25.01mm$ group. The stearic acid and saturated fatty acid content were higher compared to those for backfat thickness <11.80mm and $11.80\~25.01mm$ group but the linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acid content were lower.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.183-193
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding the electrolytic materials on blood and carcass traits of broiler during transportation exposed under intense heat condition in summer. The broilers were selected on the day when the outside temperature was about $32^{\circ}C$ to provide heat stressed environment. Broilers reared for 33 d were selected and fed with the electrolytic materials ($NaHCO_3$, NaCl, KCl) for 2 days. Treatments were as follows; feeding the underground water for control, $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treament 1, KCl (0.5%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treatment 2, KCl (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) treatment 3, KCl (0.5%) + $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treatment 4 and KCl (1.0%) + $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treament 5. pH of chicken meat increased for treatments group of electrolytic material, especially, that of treatment 3 was highest when compared to the other treatments. The frequency rate (%) of $1^+$ quality grade were 33.3, 60.0 and 83.3% at control, treatment 3, 4 and treatment 5, respectively. Occurrence rates of PSE were 50% for control and 13.3% for treatment 5. Corticosterone increased at the post-harvest period compared to the pre-harvest period of broiler and have small disparity between pre-and post-harvest only except treatment 3 when compared to control. $pCO_2$ partial pressure of blood at the pre-harvest period was low in all treatments by heat stress, the disparity value of control was high for control, and those of treatment 4 and 5 were low compared to other treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.429-436
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the effect of feeding levels of concentrate feed on growth performance, meat quality and economic evaluation of Korean black goats. The 40 male Korean native goat were divided into four treatment groups T1 (1.5%), T2 (2.0%), T3 (2.5% feeding of concentrate feed body weight per day) and T4 (ab libitum) with ab libitum rice straw. Rice straw intake decrease as against feeding levels, however average daily gains were 22, 50, 69 and 94 g/day in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups respectively levels (p<0.05). Dressing percentage were 41.77, 42.78, 46.12 and 49.78% in each group (p<0.05), also fat percentage were a significant increase according to feeding levels. In economic efficacy, T4 was higher than other treatment groups. In conclusion, both rice straw and concentrate feed ab libitum are good for feeding and management system on Korean black goats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.989-998
• /
• 2004

The objectives of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding type of concentrates during growing period and slaughter age on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing-fattening Holstein steers. Treatments were two concentrates feeding types(ad libitum or restricted 1.9% of BW) and three slaughter ages(at 19, 22 or 25 mo). Body weight at slaughter was numerically higher(approx. 8.3%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. TDN intake rate was higher(8.4%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. One mo slaughter delay increased TDN intake by 4%. Despite the lack of significances, higher back fat thickness and rib-eye area appeared in the restricted feeding or the late slaughter groups compared with the ad libitum feeding or the early slaughter groups. Marbling score(mean 2.46) numerically increased when the steers were restrictively fed concentrates compared with the ad libitum feeding groups. In addition, significant increases in the marbling score were associated with the slaughter age delay. In economic analysis, increases in total income were associated with the restricted feeding and the slaughter age delay. Whereas the highest monthly income appeared in the restricted feeding-and-slaughter at 22 mo group. In conclusion, the optimal feeding system may be 1) the restricted concentrates feeding(1.9% of BW) during growing period and 2) the late slaughter age(22${\sim}$25 mo of age) in growing-fattening Holstein steers fed rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.205-213
• /
• 2019

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary apparent metabolizable energy and protein concentrations on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of Korean native ducks. In $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, 1-d-old Korean native ducks were completely randomized to experimental diets with 2,800 and 2,900 kcal of AMEn/kgofdiet, respectively, from 0 to 21 d of age. From 22 to 56 d of age, experimental diets 3,000 and 3,100 kcal of, and contained 16% and 17% CP, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. And BW gain were higher during 0 to 21 d (P<0.01) in AME 2,800 kcal/kg and CP 21% diet treatment than other treatments. As AME increased from 2,800 to 2,900 kcal/kg, feed intake was decreased (P<0.05) during 0 to 21 d. From 22 to 56 d of age, the, BW gain, feed intake and were not different among the treatments. Carcass ratio, relative weight per 100 of BW (wing, back, neck, breast, and leg), nutrient digestibility, meat color and nutrient composition in breast meat the treatments. In conclusion, diets with 2,800 kcal of AME/kg and 21% CP or with 3,000 kcal of AME/kg and 17% CP at 0 to 21 d and 22 to 56 d, respectively, were more efficient.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.427-434
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the growth performance and meat quality improvement according to castration, optimal feeding management and ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acid (RPAAFA) for the unselected Hanwoo bulls in the performance test. Bulls were castrated at approximately 14 months of age. Sixteen Hanwoo steers, 15 months of age and weighing $412.9{\pm}24.9kg$, were distributed into 2 groups. Steers were fed a basal diet supplemented with RPAAFA at 0 g (control) or 100 g (treatment), respectively for 12 months. Steers were slaughtered at 27 months of age. Average daily gain for treatment tended to be higher (p=0.10) than that of control, whereas feed conversion ratio tended to be lower (p=0.07) in treatment than in control. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect rib eye area, back fat thickness, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity. The appearance rates of yield 'A' grade and high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1) were higher in treatment than in control. The content of moisture, fat, protein and ash in longissimus muscles were similar between control and treatment. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect water-holding capacity, oxidation and reduction potential, myoglobin and fatty acid contents in longissimus muscles. Thus, present results indicate that castration, optimal feeding management and RPAAFA may be recommended for improving growth performance and quality grade of the unselected Hanwoo bulls in the performance test.