• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2013

Bamboo salt, a Korean folk medicine, is prepared with solar salt (sea salt) and baked several times at high temperatures in a bamboo case. In this study, we compared the preventive effects of bamboo salt and purified and solar salts on hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with purified and solar salts, bamboo salts prevented hepatic damage in rats, as evidenced by significantly reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05). Bamboo salt (baked $9{\times}$) triggered the greatest reduction in these enzyme levels. In addition, it also reduced the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$. Histopathological sections of liver tissue demonstrated the protective effect of bamboo salt, whereas sections from animals treated with the other salt groups showed a greater degree of necrosis. We also performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses of the inflammation-related genes iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in rat liver tissues. Bamboo salt induced a significant decrease (~80%) in mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared with the other salts. Thus, we found that baked bamboo salt preparations could prevent $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damage in vivo.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the bark extract (Ethanol: Water) in the ratio of (3:1) of Rhizophora mucronata (BERM) by intoxicating the $HepG_2$ cell lines with different toxicants viz, $CCL_4$, Ethanol and Paracetamol with different concentrations of the extract were used. The $HepG_2$ cell lines were subjected to MTT Assay for studying the cytotoxicity. Methods: $HepG_2$ cells were plated using 96 well plate in 10% bovine serum, exposed to different toxicants viz, 2% $CCl_4$, 60% Ethanol and 14 mM Paracetamol respectively. The various test concentrations (18.85, 37.5, 75, 150 and $300{\mu}g/ml$) of bark extract of Rhizophora mucronata was added and incubated for 24 hours. Medium was removed after incubation period and 0.5 mg/ml MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was added and again incubated for 4 hours at 37oC. Then MTT was removed the crystals was dissolved in DMSO and absorbance was measured at 570 nm. Results: The result showed that dose dependent increase in percentage of viability at the doses of 18.85, 37.5, 75, 150, $300{\mu}g/ml$. Te results for the $CCl_4$ intoxicated, at $300{\mu}g/ml$ of the concentration of the extract, the % of viable cells was found out to be 99.6%, for Ethanol intoxicated, 97.67%, and Paracetamol induced, 75.37%, IC50 was $21.53{\mu}g/ml$, $12.61{\mu}g/ml$ and $21.42{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that, the extract possesses defensive effect against different toxicants and can be used as an alternate drug for hepatotoxicity.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2010

In this study we examined the effects of water extract of garlic on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, and demonstrated increased beneficial enzyme and anti-oxidant activity as well as histopathological changes (by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining, Trichrome staining, and TEM examination), and showed that the treatment was dose-dependent and safe. A total of 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally (n=7) into six groups. To induce hepatotoxicity in these subjects, carbon tetrachloride diluted in an equal volume of olive oil was intraperitoneally administrated at 0.5 ml/kg (0.20 g/kg/day) once a day for five days. Water extract of Korean-grown garlic was administered via a stomach sonde once a day, 5 days a week, for a total of 4 weeks. Groups received 0.35 g/kg (E1), 0.70 g/kg (E2), or 1.40 g/kg (E3), with the dose adjusted for body weight. Administration of garlic extract resulted in positive physiological effects in terms of reduced oxidative stress and toxicity, and induced functional changes in the liver. Comparing the subject groups (E1, E2, E3) administered different doses of garlic extract, the importance of morphological analysis in further studies is emphasized, because morphological changes indicating hepatotoxicity could occur, even though beneficial enzyme activities were found to be elevated.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 1987

The conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase (type D) into xanthine oxidase (type D) was significantly increased in serum and liver of all $CCI_4$ treated rats on the necrosis and early cirrhosis stage of liver tissue. In the pretreatment of prednisolone, the ratio of type O per type O + D showed the decreasing tendency in serum, but the significant decrease in liver. In vitro, the conversion of liver xanthine oxidase from type D into type O was markedly increased by following preincubation with lysosomal fraction. The type conversion of xanthine oxidase may be caused by protelytic enzymes in lysosome.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제6권3_4호
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• pp.149-154
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• 1991

Biodegradation of carbon tetrachloride (CTC) in denitrifying and aerobic columns was investigated under various conditions of electron-acceptor and electron-donor availability. CTC removal increased when the electron-acceptor (nitrate) injection was stopped in the denitrifying column; however, CTC remova1 decreased when electron donor (acetate) was deleted in the denitrifying and the aerobic column. Small fractions of the CTC removed appeared as chloroform, indicating that reductive dechlorination of CTC was occurring. The results from the denitrifying column support the hypothesis that CTC behaves as an electron acceptor that competes for the pool of available electrons inside the bacterial cells.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.511-514
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• 1996

The interactions between Ln(dpm)3 [Ln3+=Eu3+, Yb3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Tb3+and Ho3+; dpm=tris 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate] and acetamide in CCl4 solution were investigated using near IR absorption spectroscopy. From the measured 2 νC=O+ amide Ⅲ combination band of acetamide in the region of 2130-2180 nm(4695-4587 cm-1), it was found that acetamide is coordinating through its carbonyl oxygen atom to Ln(dpm)3[C=O…Ln(dpm)3)] and forms only 1 : 1 stoichiometric Ln(dpm)3- acetamide complex. The ΔHo values for the formation of Ln(dpm)3-acetamide obtained from the temperature studies are -39.1, -28.4, -25.5, -24.7, -21.1 and -17.7 kJ mol-1 for Eu(dpm)3, Yb(dpm)3, Pr(dpm)3, Sm(dpm)3, Tb(dpm)3 and Ho(dpm)3, respectively, which are larger than those of the hydrogen bond between amide and various hydrogen acceptors. Except Eu(dpm)3 and Yb(dpm)3, -ΔHovalue increases as the ionic size increases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.127-130
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• 2008

In the present study, we obtained an extract from the dried stem of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn by using 85% methanol (MeOH extract of S. suberectus; MSS) and investigated its radical scavenging effects in vitro and its protective effect against $CCl_4-induced$ liver damage in rats. MSS scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical almost completely and inhibited $FeSO_4-induced$ lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the liver homogenate. Oral administration of MSS significantly reduced the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase and inhibited LPO in the liver tissue after $CCl_4$ treatment in rats. These results suggest that S. suberectus could be a candidate agent for the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress.

• 생약학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.294-301
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of gomisin A and gomisin N, bioactive lignan components isolated from Schizandae Fructus, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$, 10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide(TBH, 0.5 mM), and D-galactosamine(GalN, 30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte(18 h culture) were treated with $CCl_4$, TBH or GalN and various concentrations(0.1, 1, 10, $100{\mu}M$) of gomisin A or gomisin N. $CCl_4$ significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase(AST). These increases were inhibited by gomisin N. TBH significantly increased the level of AST; an increase that was inhibited by gomisin N. GalN markedly increased the levels of LDH and ALT, and these increases was significantly inhibited by both gomisin A and gomisin N. These results suggest that gomisin A and gomisin N have the hepatoprotective activity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.240-245
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• 2008

L. casei 균주를 이용하여 알로에를 발효한 결과 다당체의 분자량이 현저하게 저분자화 되었다. 사염화탄소로 유도된 흰쥐의 간과 혈청에서 간기능 활성, 항산화효소 활성 및 지질과산화에 미치는 발효알로에의 용량별 효과를 조사하였다. 14일 연속적으로 발효알로에(50, 100 mg/kg)을 경구투여 하였다. 알로에 투여군에서 SOD, CAT의 활성은 유의성있게 활성이 증가하였으며, AST, ALT, MDA 함량을 측정한 결과 용량 의존적으로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼때 발효알로에는 사염화탄소로 유발된 간독성에 대하여 항산화효소 활성을 증가시키며, 지질과산화를 억제하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권2호통권149호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, isolated from Curcuma longa Linne, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_4$,10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH, 0.5 mM) and D-galactosamine (GaIN,30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte (18 h culture) were treated with CCl$_4$, TBH or GaIN and various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ${\mu}$M) of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin CCl$_4$ significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The increases in LDH, ALT and AST levels were inhibited by curcumin. Demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin decreased the levels of AST. Curcumin inhibited the increases in ALT and AST levels induced by TBH. The increased levels of LDH, ALT and AST induced by TBH were inhibited by bisdemethoxycurcumin. GaIN markedly increased the levels of LDH, ALT and AST. These increases were significantly inhibited by bisdemethoxycurcumin. The increase in AST level was inhibited by curcumin. These results suggest that curcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin have potent hepatoprotective activities.