• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.186-191
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Rhynchosia molubilis saponin on carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced hepatotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered the Rhynchosia molubilis saponin at 100 mg/kg every day for two weeks, then $CCl_4$ (3.3 ml/kg) was injected into rats. 12 hours later, they were anesthesized with ether and dissected. Rhynchosia molubilis saponin-administered group showed 59.92% and 62.28% of inhibitory effects on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities compared to $CCl_4$-treated group (p<0.05). Malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels of Rhynchosia molubilis Saponin-administered and $CCl_4$-treated (RSC) group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited to 61.83%, 81.11 %, respectively, compared to $CCl_4$-treated group (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of RSC group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited to 66.53%, 31.04%, respectively, compared to $CCl_4$-treated group (p<0.05). GPx activities of RSC group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited to 72.74%, 72.68%, respectively, compared to $CCl_4$-treated group (p<0.05). The histological examinations showed that the liver cell necrosis and centrilobular congestion aggregation induced by $CCl_4$ were dearly eliminated by the administration of Rhynchosia molubilis saponin. These results suggest that Rhynchosia molubilis saponin could have the protective effects against hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salicornia herbacea L. (SH) on carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)-induced$ hepatotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered the SH at 100 mg/kg per day for two weeks. Then single dose of $CCl_4$ (3.3 ml/kg) was injected into rats. Twelve hours later, they were anesthesized with ether and dissected. $SH-CCl_4-administered$ group showed $65.56\%\;and\;59.04\%$ of inhibitory effects in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, compared to $CCl_4-treated$ group (p<0.05). Malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels of $SH-CCl_4-administered$ group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited by $53.74\%,\;89.86\%$, and respectively, compared to $CCl_4-treated$ group (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of $SH-CCl_4-administered$ group in liver homogenate and mitochondria were significantly inhibited by $42.51\%,\;and\;38.42\%$, respectively, compared to $CCl_4-treated$ group (p<0.05). The histological examinations showed that the liver cell necrosis and centrilobular congestive aggregation induced by $CCl_4$ were clearly eliminated by the administration of SH. These results suggest that SH could have the protective effects against hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating liver protection mechanism of Moschus by inducing liver toxicity through $CCl_4$ in mice and evaluated histological and serological findings. Methods : Experiment groups was categorized into untreated normal group, $CCl_4$ treated control group, and orally administered Moschus experiment group. At the termination of experiment, gross examination of the liver as well as histological findings, and Total protein, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin SGOT, SGPT, and ALP contents in the serum were evaluated. Results : 1. For gross examination and histological findings, $CCl_4$ treated control group showed destroyed lobular structure, increased fibrosis, as well as hepatic cirrhosis. For the group treated with Moschus, the lobular structure suffered less damage, and showed lower level of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. 2. For serum analysis, Total protein were significantly increased in the Moschus experiment group than the control group. 3. Total bilirubin didn't show significant differences between the two groups. but direct bilirubin was significantly increased in the Moschus experiment group than the control group. 4. SGOT, SGPT, were significantly decreased in the normal and Moschus experiment groups compared to the control group. 5. ALP was significantly decreased in the normal group compared to the control group, but Moschus experiment group didn't show significant differences compared to the control group. Conclusion : Taken together, Moschus can be effectively used for recovering the liver functions and further researches must be conducted to verify the efficacies of Moschus bile juice.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-38
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• 1998

This study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and anticirrhotic effects of Ganyeumilhobang(GIE) on the acute and chronic liver injury induced by various agents. Chronic liver injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine(DMN) ; a new experimental model for cirrhosis and the intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. Acute liver njury induced by carbon tetrachloride$(CCl_4)$ and D-galactosamine ; a experimental model for acute liver injury, the administration of $CCl_4$ and the intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine in the rat. The development of fibrosis and acute liver injury by the three prescriptions were examined by the chemical analysis of AST, ALT, prothrombin time and hydroxyproline. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The increasing level of hydroxyproline volume induced by DMN in mice was decreased by the oral administration of GIB. 2. The degree of histological fibrosis and hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration induced by $CCl_4$ decreased by the oral administration of GIB. 3. The increase of senun AST and ALT of mice with acute liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ and D-galactosamine was inhibited by the administration of GIB. 4. The prolongation of prothrombin time(seconds) of mice acute liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ was shortened by the oral administration of GIB. 5. The liver of mice was hepatectomized partial1y after the oral administration of GIB. The mitotic index(% of nuclei), weight of liver, contents of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis of the liver tissue were increased by the oral administration of GIB.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 1986

The preventive effect of Sosiho-Tang extract administered concurrently with methionine on hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachoride (20% $CCl_4$ in olive oil, 5 ml/kg) in rats was studied. S-GOT values were decreased significantly by the concurrent administration of Sosiho-Tang extract 100 mg/kg with methionine 100 mg/kg and also Sosiho-Tang 200 mg/kg with methionine 100 mg/kg. S-GPT values were decreased remarkably by the concurrent administration of Sosiho-Tang extract 200 mg/kg with methionine 100 mg/kg. In histological observations, the pattern of the contrast group indicated the marked necrosis of the parenchymatous cells around the centrilobular area and the fatty changes of the hepatic cells around the midzonal area, but the concurrent administration of Sosiho-Tang extract 200 mg/kg and methionine 100 mg/kg revealed better improvements than their respective single administration in all pathological aspects.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2017

Objectives : Polygoni Multiflori Ramulus has been widely used as a traditional medicinal herb for the treatment of insomnia, limb pain and itch. The extract of Polygoni Multiflori Ramulus (PMRE) is known to have a modulatory effect of many inflammatory responses. This study was performed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of PMRE against arachidonic acid (AA) + iron-induced oxidative stress on HepG2 cell and carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury on mice. Methods : The effects of PMRE on cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. And flow cytometric analysis was performed to estimate the effects on mitochondrial function. To investigate its underlying mechanism, apoptosis-related proteins were analysed by using immunoblot analysis. In addition, ICR mouse were administrated (po) with the PMRE (30, 100 mg/kg) for 3 days and then, injected (ip) with $CCl_4$ (0.5 ml/kg body weight) to induce acute liver damage. The level of pro-caspase-3 was measured. Results : Treatment of PMRE increased relative cell viability, prevented a cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase and pro-caspase-3, and also reduced mitochondrial membrane permeability against AA + iron-induced oxidative stress. In addition, PMRE treatment decreased liver injury induced by $CCl_4$, as evidenced by increases in pro-caspase-3 level. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that PMRE has an ability to anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effect against AA + iron-induced oxidative stress and $CCl_4$-induced liver injury.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2012

Raphanus sativus (Cruciferaceae), commonly known as radish is widely available throughout the world. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of radish (Raphanus sativus) enzyme extract (REE) in vitro and in vivo test. The $IC_{50}$ values of REE in human liver derived HepG2 cells was over 5,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ in tested maximum concentration. The effect of REE to protect tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. REE showed their hepatoprotective activities on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity and the $EC_{50}$ value was 1,250 ${\mu}g/ml$. Silymarin, an antihepatotoxic agent used as a positive control exhibited 59.7% hepatoprotective activity at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. Moreover, we tested the effect of REE on carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver toxicity in rats. REE at dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg and silymarin at dose of 50 mg/kg were orally administered to $CCl_4$-treated rats. The results showed that REE and silymarin significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum enzyme markers induced by $CCl_4$. The biochemical data were supported by evaluation with liver histopathology. These findings suggest that REE, can significantly diminish hepatic damage by toxic agent such as tacrine or $CCl_4$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.1 s.128
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• pp.5-12
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Daewhang-whangryunhaedok-Tang(DWT) on liver injured rats induced by $CCl_4$ and the acute oral toxicity of it in mice. The activities of serum transaminase(ALT/AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG), change of liver enlargement, and inhibitory activities of lipid peroxidation, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase(GST) in liver microsome were determined in hepatotoxic rats induced by $CCl_4$ DWT DWT was significantly reduced the serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TC and TG levels. And, the increase of lipid peroxidation, decrease of catalase and GST activities in the liver microsome of $CCl_4$-intoxicated rat were significantly improved by the treatment of DWT. Male and female mice were administered maximum dosages of 5,000 mg/kg b.w. of DWT. After single oral administration of DWT to mice, we observed them daily for 2 weeks. DWT did not induce any toxic signs in the mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, and gross necropsy findings of mice. Based on these results, it is concluded that DWT may have the hepatoprotective effect on $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Also, DWT may have no side effect and its $LD_{50}$ value may be over 5,000 mg/kg b.w. in mice.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 2006

The methanol extract of waxy brown rice fermented with Agrocybe cylindracea was prepared. The extract was then freeze dried and fed to rats at the level of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg body weight for 14 days, followed by the treatment with carbon tetrachloride for three consecutive days to induce hepatotoxicity. After sacrificing the rats, the enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP) in serum was determined. Biochemical analysis on serum for albumin, total protein, triglyceride, and total as well as HDL-cholesterol were carried out along with a histopathological study of liver tissues. Based on these data, we suggest that the waxy brown rice cultured with A. cylindracea may exert hepatoprotective activity against hepatotoxicity caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.727-733
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• 1996

2-(Allylthio)pyrazine is effective in selectively suppressing constitutive and inducible expression of cytochrome P450 2E1. The effect of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine against potentiat ed chemical injury was studied in rats. Vitamin-A pretreatment of rats substantially increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity, as supported by an ~4-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Concomitant pretreatment of rats with 2-(allylthio)pyrazine at the daily dose of 200mg/kg resulted in a 76% decrease in vitamin-A-potentiated hepatotoxicity, which supported the possibility that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine protects the liver against chemical-induced hepatic injury by the mechanism associated with Kupffer cell inactivation. Pyridine pretreatment caused substantial enhancement in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. 2-(Allylthio)pyrazine treatment of rats reduced the pyridine-potentiated toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Animals treated with both pyridine and 2-(allylthio)pyrazine prior to intoxicating dose of CCl$_4$ resulted in 85% and 47% decreases in pyridine-increased triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the liver. The protective effect of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine on the DNA strand breakage induced by benzenetriol was assessed by measuring the conversion of supercoiled ${\Phi}x$-174 DNA to the open relaxed form. 2-(Allylthio)pyrazine blocked the benzenetriol-induced conversion of supercoiled DNA to open circular form in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of 2-(allylthio)pyrazine at the doses from I to 10mM in the incubation mixture containing 5 ${\mu}$M benzenetriol completely protected benzenetriol-induced DNA strand breakage with the EC50 for the 2-(allylthio)pyrazine blocking being noted as ~220 ${\mu}$M, whereas allyl disulfide exerted protecting effect at relatively high concentrations (i.e. ~850 ${\mu}$M), suggesting that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine effectively scavenges the reactive oxygen species. These results provide evidence that 2-(allylthio)pyrazine blocks vitamin A- or pyridine-potentiated CCl$_4$ hepatotoxicity and that the agent is active in protecting DNA by scavenging the reactive oxygen species.