• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of beverage temperature and composition on weight retention and fluid balance upon voluntary drinking following exercise induced-dehydration. Eight men who were not acclimated to heat participated in four randomly ordered testing sessions. In each session, the subjects ran on a treadmill in a chamber maintained at $37^{\circ}C$ without being supplied fluids until 2% body weight reduction was reached. After termination of exercise, they recovered for 90 min under ambient air conditions and received one of the following four test beverages: $10^{\circ}C$ water (10W), $10^{\circ}C$ sports drink (10S), $26^{\circ}C$ water (26W), and $26^{\circ}C$ sports drink (26S). They consumed the beverages ad libitum. The volume of beverage consumed and body weight were measured at 30, 60, and 90 min post-recovery. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise as well as at the end of recovery in order to measure plasma parameters and electrolyte concentrations. We found that mean body weight decreased by 1.8-2.0% following exercise. No differences in mean arterial pressure, plasma volume, plasma osmolality, and blood electrolytes were observed among the conditions. Total beverage volumes consumed were $1,164{\pm}388$, $1,505{\pm}614$, $948{\pm}297$, and $1,239{\pm}401$ ml for 10W, 10S, 26W, and 26S respectively ($P$ > 0.05). Weight retention at the end of recovery from dehydration was highest in 10S ($1.3{\pm}0.7kg$) compared to 10W ($0.4{\pm}0.5kg$), 26W ($0.4{\pm}0.4kg$), and ($0.6{\pm}0.4kg$) ($P$ < 0.005). Based on these results, carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing beverages at cool temperature were the most favorable for consumption and weight retention compared to plain water and moderate temperature beverages.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 2011

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is heavily dependent on dietary and lifestyle practices, is prevalent in Korean adults. Because dietary practices are unique for each race, nationality, and culture, it is important to identify Korean adult dietary practices that are associated with MetS. Macronutrient intake patterns were analyzed and compared across health status using the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (8,143 adults who had dietary data and biomarkers related to MetS). Although intake levels were different by age, gender, and health status, carbohydrate intake was high and fat intake was low among Korean adults. The carbohydrate energy ratio was higher and the fat energy ratio was lower for subjects > 60 years old who were diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or MetS than those in other age groups. The main source of fat from food differed depending on the group. These results demonstrated that macronutrient intake patterns were different between age, gender, and health status subgroups. Hence, it is recommended that nutritional policy and practices aimed at controlling MetS should be based on the dietary characteristics of the target group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.519-531
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Regional disparities in dietary factors might be related to regional disparities in cardiometabolic health. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of cardiometabolic risk factors and dietary factors with regional types in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Based on data from the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the study included 39,781 adults aged ≥ 19 years who completed the dietary survey and a health examination. Healthy and unhealthy dietary factors (fat, sodium, fruit, and vegetable intakes) were evaluated using 1-day 24-h dietary recall method, as well as the use of nutrition labels with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the participants, 48.7%, 36.0%, and 15.2% lived in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively. Adults living in urban and rural had higher odds ratios (ORs) for obesity (OR for urban, 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.14; OR for rural, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24) than adults living in metropolitan areas; these associations were significantly observed in middle-aged adults. Compared to metropolitan residents, rural residents had lower ORs for hypertension in middle-aged (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96) and metabolic syndrome in older adults (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.91). Regarding urban residents, a lower OR for diabetes in middle-aged adults (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97) and a higher OR for hypertension in older adults (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39) were observed. Overall rural residents had higher ORs of excessive carbohydrate, low fruit, and high salted-vegetable intakes than metropolitan residents. Low fruit intake was positively associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension, after adjustment for regional type and other confounders in total participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that cardiometabolic risk and unhealthy dietary factors differ among regional types and age groups within Korea. Nutritional policy and interventions should consider regional types for prevention and management of cardiometabolic risk factors.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.143-156
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• 1974

The purpose of this experiment was to study one side of germination physiology based on that protein profiles and protease relating to protein metabolism, that peroxidase, catalase, $\alpha$-amylase, $\beta$-amylase, and malate dehydrogenase involved in the carbohydrate metabolism of seed germination. All these experiments were divided into the two groups with and without acetone treatment, and were carried out. The protein bands of each germinating stage between the groups treated with and without acetone showed certain basic pattern in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. However, there was a little difference in the number of protein band, optical density, and migration velocity between two groups. The isozyme bands of peroxidase, and catalase between two groups in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis did not show the numeral difference, but the optical density of certain germinating stage treated with acetone was higher than the group untreated with it and it showed their enzyme activity. The $\alpha$-amylase and $\beta$-amylase activities which involved in starch metabolism of seed germination were higher in the treated group than the other. On one hand, the protease activity of hydrolase occurred in the seeds for germination was also higher, more or less in the treated group than in the other. The isozyme band pattern of malate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle of energy metabolism pathway was very different between two groups growing for 72 hours with and without acetone treatment in cellulose acetate electrophoresis. It indicated that two isozyme bands of malate dehydrogenase was high. Consequently these experimental results mentioned above indicated that acetone treatment before sowing had an effect on dissolving certain complexed lipid substance involved in the seed coats, the activity of carbohydrate hydrolase increased with water absorption which was most comfortable in its germination, dissolved glycerin and fatty acid became certain energy source, and they stimulated the acceleration of respiration metabolism.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.48-58
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• 2009

Glycosyl hydrolases (GH, EC 3.2.1.-) are key enzymes which can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. The new enzyme nomenclature of glycoside hydrolases is based on their amino acid sequence similarity and structural features. Here, we examined the glycosyl hydrolase family(GHF) genes reported from earthworm species. Among overall 115 GHFs, 12 GHFs could be identified from earthworm species through CAZy database. Of 12 GHF group genes, five genes including GHF2, 5, 17, 18, 20 are thought to be potent for industrial applications. The alignment of these genes with same genes from other animal species exhibited high sequence homology and some important amino acid residues necessary for enzyme activity appeared to be conserved. These genes can be utilized as a pest control agent or applicable to the food industry, clinical therapeutics and organic wastes disposition.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2006

Fourier transform - infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) provides biochemical profiles containing overlapping signals from a majority of the compounds that are present when whole cell extracts are analyzed. We attempted to determine the ripeness of strawberry fruit flesh by FT-IR. Fruit ripeness was divided into four developmental stages based on fruit skin color: 'yellow-green', 'pink-green', 'pink', and 'red' stages. Principal component analysis of FT-IR data of inside fruit flesh extracts clustered samples of four different developmental stages into three discrete groups: (1) 'yellow-green' group, (2) 'pink-green' group, and (3) 'pink' and 'red' group. The most remarkable difference between four different developmental stages was found in the carbohydrate fingerprint region $(1,000-1,100cm^{-1})$ of the FT-IR spectrum, indicating that differences in carbohydrate compounds represented the ripeness of strawberry fruit. Overall results indicate that FT-IR in combination with PCA enables discrimination of the ripeness of strawberry fruit flesh.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.387-390
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• 2000

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of vine management and yield on fruit quality and bud burst of 'Campbell Early' grapevines in Hwaseong and Suwon area. The extreme value of minimum temperature of Hwaseong area, frequently causing cold damage, was lower than that of Suwon area in winter. Narrow spacing, overbearing, and poor vine management were observed in Hwaseong area, where the harvest time was delayed by 7 days compared with that of Suwon area. Total carbohydrate content of bearing mother branches was lower with 1.2~1.7%, and the percentage of bud burst was extremely lower at $-15^{\circ}C$. In Suwon area, there were no differences in cluster and berry size, but soluble solids content was lower and skin coloration was poorer when yield was high. Total carbohydrate content was lower when yield was high. The percentage of bud burst was lower at cold treatments below $-20^{\circ}C$. The results suggest that appropriate yield based on fruit quality is 2.3~2.6 MT/10a.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.426-432
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• 2016

Purpose: The consumption of noodles has increased domestically. However, noodles with high carbohydrate content can cause an increase in blood glucose compared with other foods. Therefore, in this study, Naengmyeon with high resistant starch was prepared for decreasing blood glucose by the addition of 0.5% citric acid (CN), 1% guar gum (GN) or 0.5% citric acid and 1% guar gum (CGN), and then it was incubated in a refrigerator for 3 days, and stored in a freezer for 1 month. Methods: The quality characteristics of these Naengmyeon noodles was evaluated based on total starch, resistant starch, water absorption, cooking loss, turbidity, in vitro starch hydrolysis, and in vivo glucose response. Results: There was no significant difference in the total starch, cooking loss, and turbidity. The resistant starch of GN (1.70%) and CGN (1.84%) was significantly increased when compared with that in Naengmyeon with no additives (N) and CN. In terms of water absorption, CN (86.01%) was the lowest in samples, followed by GN (92.17%), N (94.20%), and CGN (99.16%). CGN with high resistant starch was the lowest in in vitro starch hydrolysis in samples. However, it had no effect on the in vivo glucose response. In vitro starch hydrolysis exhibited a significant positive correlation (r=0.533; p<0.01) with in vivo glucose response. Conclusion: Therefore, future studies are needed to establish the standard for resistant starch contents in processed carbohydrate foods for delaying the increase in blood glucose. If this standard is established, it might help to develop processed foods for diabetic patients.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2004

Sugar-based gelator p-dodecanoyl-aminophenyl- ${\beta}$-D-aldopyranosides (1-3) have been shown to self-assemble in the presence of p-aminophenyl aldopyranosides. The hydrogel 1+4 showed the double-helical structure with 3-25 nm outer diameters, which is quite different from that of 1. The gel 2+5 revealed twisted ribbon structure with 30-50 nm in widths and a few micrometers of length whereas the gel 3+4 revealed the single and the bundled fiber structures. The difference in these gel supramolecular structures has successfully been transcribed into silica structures by sol-gel polymerization of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), resulting in the doublehelical, the twisted-ribbon, the single and the multiple (lotus-shaped) hollow fiber structures. These results indicate that novel silica structures can be created by transcription of various superstructures formed in binary gels through the hydrogen-bonding interaction, and the amino group of the p-aminophenyl aldopyranosides acts as an efficient driving force to create novel silica nanotubes. Furthermore, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (ELLS) provided strong evidence for the inner hollow structure of the double-helical silica nanotube. This is a novel and successful example that a variety of new silica structures can be created using a library of carbohydrate gel fibers as their templates.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1988

For the development of a general mathermatical model to predict the density of liquid foods based on temperature and composition of each major component, the major components of liquid foods considered in this study were water, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and ash. These samples were subdivided into sixteen pure components. The density of each sample was measured by a volumetric pycnometer at the temperature range of $0^{\circ}C\;to\;100^{\circ}C$ for three different solid content suspensions, The density values of pure component solids were calculated from the assumed model at given temperature, using the experimental values of three different solid content suspensions with known water fraction and density model of water. Using these calculated density data at the temperature range of $0^{\circ}C\;to\;100^{\circ}C$, the coefficients of ther density model for each pure component were determined by the OPT Subroutine Program. The density model developed in this study can be used to predict the density values of liquid foods at given temperature and composition.