• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2016

The efficacy of plant breeding has been enhanced by application of molecular markers in population screening and selection. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a major staple crop that is economically important with worldwide distribution. It is valued for its spicy taste and medicinal effect. The aim of this study was to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), microsatellite markers information, and percentage sharing through orthologous analysis of pepper-specific pungency-related genes. Here, we report the results of transcriptome analysis and microsatellite markers for four pepper varieties that possess a pungency-related gene. Orthologous analyses was performed to identify species-specific pungency-related genes in pepper, Arabidopsis thaliana L., potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies enabled us to quickly and cost-effectively assemble and characterize genes to select molecular markers in various organisms, including pepper. We identified a total of 9762, 7302, 8596, and 6886 SNPs for the four pepper cultivars Blackcluster, Mandarine, Saengryeg 211, and Saengryeg 213, respectively. We used 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing to identify microsatellite markers and tri-nucleotide repeats (54.4%), the most common repeats, followed by di-, hexa-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide repeats. A total of 5156 (15.9%) pepper-specific pungency-related genes were discovered as a result of orthologous analysis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 1999

Anthers of two hot pepper cultivars, Milyang-jare and Geryongsan-jare, were cultured on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin. The influence of pretreatment at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 32$^{\circ}C$ on induction of microspore embryo was investigated. Milyang-jare was superior to the Geryongsan-jare in microspore embryo induction. The 32$^{\circ}C$ pretreatment increased embryo induction compared to the 4$^{\circ}C$ pretreatment while the 4$^{\circ}C$ pretreatment stimulated callus induction. Microspore embryos were regenerated to plantlets in the same medium or hormone free medium at 32$^{\circ}C$ treatment but most embryos failed to develop directly into plantlets at 4$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The optimal period of the 32$^{\circ}C$ pretreatment was 3 days in Milyang-jare and 6 days in Geryongsan-jare. The 32$^{\circ}C$ pretreatment was essential for induction and growth of microspore embryo in pepper.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.319-322
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• 1998

Culture conditions for high frequency embryogenesis and plant regeneration in anther cultures of various F$_1$ hybrid and homozygous lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) are described. Anthers pigmented less than halfway from the distal end were dissected from the flower bud in which petals elongated 2 mm higher than the receptacle. They were placed on Dumas medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L kinetin. After four weeks of culture, embryos began to appear on anthers. After eight weeks of culture, frequencies of embryo formation reached up to 58.3%. Upon transfer to MS basal medium, greater than 95% of embryos developed into plantlets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1987

In order to investigate the effects of growth regulators on the formation of capsaicinoids in callus of Capsicum annuum L. tissues were cultured in the Linsmaier and Skoog RM 1964 medium containing various growth regulators. Production of capsaicinoids during culture was monitored by gas chromatography. In the presence of $10^{-6}M$ of 2,4-D and kinetin in the medium, $1182{\mu}g$ of capsaicinoids were formed per 100g dry wt. of tissue, of which was greater than with any of three other growth regulators. IAA, NAA, and kinetin of same concentrations had 65%, 38%, 68% effect of 2.4-D in capsaicinoids formation, respectively. Production of capsaicinoids increased gradually in the presence of 2,4-B as culture period was proceeded. Of phenylpropanoids formed, cinnamic acid and coumaric acid were not significantly different in their levels, although growth regulators were varied. On the other hand, caffeic acid and ferulic acid formation were highest in the presence of 2,4-D. Effects of kinetin and IAA were about 70 percent of that of 2,4-D, whereas NAA had only about 30 percent effect. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in cultured tissue was increased during the periods; 52, 81, and 209 n moles of cinnamic acid per g fresh wt. were formed after 5, 15, and 25 days of culture, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2011

The influences of the agitation as well as the addition of medium during culture on the production of embryos were invested in isolated microspore culture of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). When the culture medium was added during initial liquid culture step of liquid-double layer culture, the embryo yield and quality greatly increased. The most effective time point for medium addition was 5 days after the culture commenced. On the other hand, the effect of medium addition at later double layer culture step in liquid-double layer culture on the embryo production was less compared to that of medium addition during the initial liquid culture step. Agitating the culture for 1 week during later double layer culture step in liquid-double layer culture effectively increased the production of normal cotyledonary embryos. In the case of liquid culture, agitating the culture for 1 week from 7 days after the culture commenced was also effective for embryo development. However, when the total agitation time was longer (2 to 3 weeks) during liquid-double layer culture or liquid culture, the embryos developed abnormally in both cases. The normal cotyledonary embryos obtained in this study successfully developed to plants when transferred to regeneration media. These regenerated plants were either diploid or haploid, and there was a difference in the number of chloroplasts between guard cells of diploid and haploid. These results can be used as an important data for developing an efficient microspore culture system with high quality embryo production in hot pepper.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1997

Plug seedlings of bell pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) were grown for 50 days in controlled environment chambers under 12 hrs per day photoperiodic condition with sixteen different day and night temperature regimes to investigate the possibility of height control. The seedlings were then transplanted to greenhouse to investigate the growth, flowering, and yield afterward. Plant height and stem length of seedlings were mainly affected by day temperature rather than night temperature. Internode elongation was suppressed by a negative DIF and was enhanced by a positive DIF even with the same average daily temperature (ADT). Leaf unfolding rate was influenced more by ADT than by DIF. Fresh and dry weights increased as ADT increased. Leaf area and stem diameter increased until temperature increased up to 24$^{\circ}C$ day and night temperature and decreased above 24$^{\circ}C$, The position at which the first flower was initiated was lowered as ADT increased. The first flower degeneration was not obvious up to 24$^{\circ}C$ ADT but increased rapidly above 24$^{\circ}C$ ADT. Seedling compactness(Dry weight per plant height :mg.mm$^{-1}$ ) was greater under -DIF than +DIF condition. In conclusion, DIF treatment was an applicable technique to control stem elongation and growth rate such as leaf unfolding rate and position at which first flower was initiated could be controlled by ADT.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 1998

Anthers of three cross combinations of hot-pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) were cultured on Dumas De Vaulx medium supplemented with some growth regulators. The embryo production efficiency and the diversity for agronomic traits in $A_2$ lines were investigated. The embryo production frequencies of hybrid combinations were ranged from 16.4% to 43.4%, the highest embryo induction combination was DGSH $\times$ C-NH with 43.4% embryogenic efficiency. Among total 275 $A_2$ lines, phenotypic variants were found in six lines, 2.1% variant frequency. The diversity of $A_2$ lines derived from anther culture was different according to the cross combinations. Fruit color was within parental range, no transgressive variation was observed. However leaf color showed transgressive variation. In fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight, one C-HC $\times$ DGSH and DGSH $\times$ C-NH showed great diversity compared with doner parents while Cheokjo 1 $\times$ C-NH crossed with Cheokjo 1 with big fruit shape showed small diversity. Stem length to 1st branch was relatively similer to or longer than donor parents. Stem thick exhibited remarkable diversity. Node number to 1st branch distributed alomost within the range of donor parents in C-HC $\times$ DGSH combination, however great transgressive variations were observed in DGSH $\times$ C-NH and Cheokjo 1 $\times$ C-NH combinations.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.494-504
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• 2010

The effect of the addition of the fresh medium, volume of under solid medium in double layer culture as well as the medium change after pretreating microspores on the production of embryos in microspore culture of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has been studied. When cultured after heat pre-treatment, changing pretreatment media with fresh culture media proved to be more effective for embryo production rather than supplementing additional culture media. Heat-pretreating for 3 days turned out more effective for embryo production than pretreating for 1 or 2 days. In the case of anther pretreatment, the addition of fresh medium after culture was not effective for embryo production. In pretreating microspores, however, supplementing additional fresh culture media greatly improved embryo yield and quality. The best time point of media addition was 4 days after culture commenced, and the most effective number of times of media addition was one time addition. Moreover, the effective volume of added medium in double layer culture for embryo production was 1.5 ml. The addition of media more than 1.5 ml reduced both embryo yield and quality. Double layer medium was more effective for embryo development than liquid medium. When the volume of under solid medium increased ranging from 3 ml to 7 ml, more cotyledonary embryos were produced in either 5 ml or 7 ml compared to 3 ml, even though the total number of embryos were highest in 3 ml. These results can be used as an important data for establishing an efficient microspore culture system for producing high frequency of normal embryos in hot pepper.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

It was observed that the hot water extract of the leaves of Capsicum annuum L., a Korean edible plant, had a potent anti-complementary activity. Crude polysaccharide fraction(CAL-0) was obtained by methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis and lyophilization. CAL-0 contained 51.8% of total sugar, 8.2% of uronic acid and 16.8% of protein, and consisted of mainly arabinose, galactose and glucose as neutral sugars and galacturonic acid as uronic acid. The anti-complementary activity of CAL-0 decreased greatly by periodate oxidation, but was not changed by pronase treatment. Also, the anti-complementary activity of CAL-0 was reduced partially in the absence of the $Ca^{2+}$ ion. The crude polysaccharide CAL-0 was found to activate the C3 component both in the presence and in the absence of $Ca^{2+}$ through the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis suggesting that those involved in both classical and alternative complement pathway CAL-0 was further separated to an unabsorbed fraction(CAL-1) and six absorbed fractions(CAL-2longrightarrowCAL-7) on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange column. Among them four major fractions in activity and yield were obtained, and consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose and glucose with various molar ratios. The major fraction, CAL-2, was purified to give a high molecular fraction(CAL-2-I) and a low molecular fraction(CAL-2-II) on Sepharose CL-6B column. The anti-complementary activity of CAL-2-I, a molecular weight of about 61,000, was higher than it of CAL-2-II.-II.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.465-479
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• 2017

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important horticultural crop in Korea; however, various diseases, including Phytophthora root rot, anthracnose, powdery mildew, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), severely affect their productivity and quality. Therefore, pepper varieties with resistance to multiple diseases are highly desired. In this study, we developed 20 SNP type assays for three pepper populations using Fluidigm nanofluidic dynamic arrays. A total of 4,608 data points can be produced with a 192.24 dynamic array consisting of 192 samples and 24 SNP markers. The assays were converted from previously developed sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers and included markers for resistance to Phytophthora root rot (M3-2 and M3-3), anthracnose (CcR9, CA09g12180, CA09g19170, CA12g17210, and CA12g19240), powdery mildew (Ltr4.1-40344, Ltr4.2-56301, and Ltr4.2-585119), bacterial spot (Bs2), CMV (Cmr1-2), PMMoV (L4), and PepMoV (pvr1 and pvr2-123457), as well as for capsaicinoids content (qcap3.1-40134, qcap6.1-299931, qcap6.1-589160, qdhc2.1-1335057, and qdhc2.2-43829). In addition, 11 assays were validated through a comparison with the corresponding data of the STS markers. Furthermore, we successfully applied the assays to commercial $F_1$ cultivars and to our breeding lines. These 20 SNP type assays will be very useful for developing new superior pepper varieties with resistance to multiple diseases and a higher content of capsaicinoids for increased pungency.