This study was conducted to compare the dietary factors which influence on the bone status of 28 women in urban and 30 women in rural area. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline(Hpr) and Calcium(Ca) were measured as biological markers of bone resorption. Mean daily intake levels of total protein, animal protein, total calcium, calcium, calcium from milk and milk products, animal calcium, Ca / P ratio by 24 hr recall method were significantly higher in urban women. However, mean daily sodium(Na) intake levels were not significantly different between two groups. Ca Index score and Na Index score by food frequency methods were also significantly higher in urban than in rural subjects. While urinary Ca excretion elves of two groups were similar, Na excretion levels were significantly higher in rural women. Mean urniary levels of Ca / creatinine(cr) and Hpr / cr as bone status index were within normal range and not significantly different between two groups. However, prevalence of poor bone status as assessed by hydroxyproline was higher in rural women. Na Index, urinary Ca excretion and Ca / cr ratio were significantly correlated with bone status(Hpr / cr) in urban women, while only age was related to bone status in rural women. These demonstrated that high Na intake results in increased urinary excretion of Na and Ca and could cause bone resorption. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Na Index score and age have greater effect than other variables in urban women and only age has greater effect in rural women.
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of sodium cholride supplementation on bone metabolism in female rats consuming a low calcium diet. Twenty five female rats were divided into three dietary groups (control Na : 0.1038%, 1% Na : 1.036%, 2% Na : 2.072%). All experimental diets contained 0.27% Ca and were fed to rats with deionized water for 7 weeks. Bone mineral density(BMD) and bone mineral content(BMC) of total body, spine and femur were measured using energy x-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) by small animal software. Then Ca efficiency was calculated from BMD and BMC. Serum Ca, P, Na and urine Ca, P, Na were determined. Urinary pyridinoline, serum ALP were measured to monitor bone resorption. Following 7 weeks, sodium cholride supplemented groups had higher urinary Ca excreteion, urinary pyridinoline, crosslinks value and serum ALP. There was no significant difference in case of serum Ca among all groups. Sodium chloride supplemnted groups had lower Ca effciency of total, spine and femur BMD and BMC than that of control group. In conclusion high salt intake not only increases urinary Ca excretion as urinary Na excretion does but also increase bone resorption and decrease Ca efficiency of each bone. It is been suggested that high salt intake may be harmful for bone maintenance. Therfore, the decrease of salt intake to the level of recommendation would be desirable.
To define the risk facots of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women, circulating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, known to be the indicator of vitamin D status, were measured and risk faxtors affecting it were investigated in 27 women with low 25-hydoxyvitamin d level(ie, the study group : serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<10ng/ml) by comparing to 55 age-matched control(the control group) were analyzed. The serum level of 25-hydorxyvitamin D was analyzed by HPLC(High Pressure Liquid Chor-matography) and analyzed biochemical parameter. The following information was obtained by interviews : sociodemographic charateristics, the intake of food containing vitamin D, proxy measure of sunlight exposure(time spent outdoors), and reprocuctive histpry of the subjects. The study group had significantly lower levels of serum calcium, increased levels of iPTH and alkaline phosphatase, Among the dietary determents, energy, protein, fat, calcium, phophorus, and vitamin D intakes were lower in the study group than the normal group. The time spent outdoors in a day was not significantly different between the two groups. However, during the day, a specific time of time spent out doors between 12:00 and 14:00 was significantly lower in the study group. Logistic analysis revealed that vitamin D and calcium intake were more important affecting factors than the time spent outdoors in post menopausal women.
The food consumption of 148 healthy infants from 4 to 6 months of age have been measured. Three groups were assigned to change of feeding pattern. Formula group(FF, n=102) were fed formula from birth till 6 months of age. Convert 1 group (C1F, n=14) and Convert 2 group (C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2months of age afterthat switched to formula milk, respectively. All infants received solids (solid foods) from 4 months of age. No significant difference was found in the intake of nutrients among three feeding groups excluding carbohydrate intake of C1F-female at 4 months of age. No significant difference was found in the intake of nutrients among three feeding groups excluding carbohydrate intake of C1F-female at 4 months of age. The FF-female(70.9g/d) and C2F-female(66.9g/d) had significantly higher carbohydrate intake when compared to the C1F-female (54.3g/d). The average total energy intake at 4, 6 months were 648.3 and 709.7kcal/d among all infants. At 4 and 6 months of age, mean intake of nutrients was as follows. Calcium intake was 526.7mg/d and 760.0mg/d at 4 and 6 months of age respectively. Iron intake was 8.3mg/d and 10/5mg/d at 4 and 6 months of age respectively. Calories from solids provided 22.5% of total energy intake at 4 months of age, and nearly 32% at 6 months of age. The average energy and protein intakes of all infants were less than the RDA for calcium and iron at 4, 6 months of age.
It was hypothesized that variations within the range of usual calcium(Ca) and sodium(Na) intakes of Korean influence bone mineral density(BMD) in healthy premenopausal women The relationship of nutrient intake urinary excretion physical activity and circulating IGF-1 level with spine({{{{ { L}_{2 } }}}}-{{{{ { L}_{4 } }}}}) and femur BMD was determined in 47 normal premenpausal women. There was a positive relationship between BMD of the lumbar spine and body weight. The BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with Ca and protein intakes from animal source and circulating IGF-1 level. There was a negative relationship between femur BMD and both Na intake and urinary excretion. The complex interrelations between femur BMD regression analysis, From this analysis. Ca intake from animal origin was the only significnat Premenopausal women of femur BMD. In the basis of femur BMD three groups were divided Premenopausal women of femur BMD$\leq$0.84g/cm2 showed depressed Ca intake of animal origin in later and early life and enhanced urinary Na excretion compared to women of femur study suggests that dietary Ca is a major constituent affecting femur BMD because of a decrease in net Ca absorption and an increase in urinary Ca loss.
This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.
Using dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical methods of evaluation, a nutritional survey was made of 81 seven-and eight-year-old children from two schools with different socioeconomic backgrounds in Daejon city, during the October of 1980. All the children were tall and heavy in comparison with 1976 Korean standard. School A children with relatively high socioeconomic levels showed higher value in length and lower value in weight than school B children with relatively low socioeconomic levels. Mean hemoglobin values were 13.3 (school A) and 12.8 (school B) g/100 ml and hematocrits were 39.7 and 37.9%, respectively. Anemic children were not many in both schools ( A ; 0-25%, B ; 12.5-15.0% ). Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios were 9.2 (A) and 7.8 (B). The intake of animal foods was higher in school A owing to the higher intake of milks. The intakes of all nutrients except energy and calcium were comparable to or higher than Korean recommend dietary allowances (KRDA). Riboflavin intake wae deficient in school B only. Low socioeconomic school B children had significantly lower intakes of fats, calcium, and riboflavin than school A children. Energy intakes were low as 75.9 (A) and 83.2 (B) % of KRDA but their composition of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins were satisfactory in both schools. More than one-third of protein intake was animalorigin in both schools (A ; 1.40/3, B ; 1.10/3) and calcium intake was very low as 59.0%(A) and 45.8%(B). Education levels of parents, esp. mothers, were positively correlated with Kaup indice (in school A & B) and some nutrients intakes (in school A). In school B, number of siblings and birth order showed negative correlations with some nutrient intakes.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary habit, nutritional condition and quality of everyday meal for college students. The number of the subjects was 102 and they were divided into three groups by their residing types; students living with their parents (n=34), students living in dormitory (n=34) and students living independently off the campus (n=34) Questionnaire, 24hour dietary recall for food intakes, and body composition analysis were used. SPSS program was used for the statistics. In general health matter, the average age for each group of students was $21.2kg/m^2$, $20.9kg/m^2$, and $21.9kg/m^2$ respectively. And heights, weights, muscle mass, body fats and BMI were not significantly different between groups. Results on dietary habit showed that students living with their parents had better meal pattern and regularity for breakfast than other groups. Also, for dietary evaluation, students living with their parents showed better extent of intake of milk than other groups. Evaluation on nutrients intake showed that amount of calcium, vitamin $B_2$, folic acid intake in student living independently off the campus were lower than those of the other groups(P<0.05). And MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) was not significantly different between groups, however INQ(Index of Nutritional Quality) and NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) of calcium were lower in off the campus group than other two groups. In conclusion, students living independently had worse eating habits and showed lower intake of calcium than those living with their parents or living in a dormitory. Therefore nutritional education for improving well-balanced dietary habits and optimal intake of nutrients are required especially for students living independently off the campus.
Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate the intake of vitamins and minerals from dietary supplements (DSs) in Korean adults and elderly. Methods: Data for this study was generated from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We analyzed 4,204 individuals aged 19 years and older (2,579 users and 1,625 non-users). The survey included 24-h recall questions on food and DS intakes, as well as questions on DS use over the past year. The nutrient DSs evaluated were calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Total nutrient intakes were obtained by combining nutrient intakes of foods and DSs consumed by each subject. Results: Most micronutrient intakes from food (except for thiamin) in adult users, and the four micronutrient intakes (iron, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and vitamin C) in elderly users, were significantly higher than values obtained in non-users. For total intake of nutrients and DSs, both adult and elderly users had a significantly higher intake than non-users. While proportions below Estimated Average Requirements for all micronutrients by adding respective DSs in users were significantly reduced in adults and elderly as compared to non-users, the proportions of above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for calcium and vitamin A in adults, and vitamin A in elderly, were significantly increased. In the total subjects examined, consumption of DSs was associated with lower odds ratios of undernutrition of micronutrients, and with higher odds ratios of overnutrition of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, as compared to non-users of DSs. Conclusions: Although DSs consumption by adults and the elderly improves the micronutrient status, it also increases the risk of excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals.
The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between nutrient intakes and bone mineral density in female university students. A total 27 female university students were measured the anthropometric characteristics, dietary intake and the bone mineral density of carpus using DEXA. The average age, height, weight, % body fat, WHR, and BMI of the subjects were 22.7 years, 161.5 cm, 57.0 kg, 29.9%, 0.8, 21.8 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Bone mineral density of ultradis and distal carpus as T-value were -1.5 and -0.4, respectively. The daily energy intake of the subjects was 1589.0kcal. And the intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin $B_2$, and folic acid did not meet the Korean RDAs. The daily total food intake of the subjects was 1011.0g and food intake from cereals and vegetables was high. The major food groups of mineral intake were vegetables/cereals/milks/fishes for calcium, cereals/meat/vegetables/fishes for phosphorus, cereals/vegetables/meats for iron, seasonings/vegetables/cereals for sodium, vegetables/cereals/seasonings for potassium, and cereals/meats for zinc. The body weight and body mass index were significantly positive correlated to the bone mineral density of average carpus, respectively. The intakes of animal calcium and vitamin $B_2$ were significantly negative correlated to the bone mineral density of average carpus, respectively. In conclusion, bone mineral density in carpus and nutrient intakes of some female university students were low. Therefore, health management and the study on relation between bone mineral density in various site and long-term intakes of nutrients in many subjects are required.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.