• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.300-306
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• 1989

Physico-chemical changes caused by salting Korean radish cubes (for Kakdugi) with sodium chloride solution were investigated. Two-centimter cubes of Korean radish were soaked in saline solution of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent concentration. Optimum salinity, 3% as determined by taste, was reached in six hours at 5% strength, two hours in 10%, one hour at 15% and within one hour at concentration of 15% plus. Radish cubes salted in 5, 10. 15, 20 and 25% sodium chloride solution in a cube/solution weight ratio of 1:1 decreased in volume from 7.6 to 11.2% after one hour, and from 11.2 to 17.9% after six hours. Decrease in moisture content was from 83.0 to 75.9% in one hour and from 74.5 to 68.5% after six hours. $Potassium\;ion(K^+)$, $calcium\;ion(Ca^{2+})$ and $magnesium\;ion(Mg^{2+})$ content was significantly decreased by salting, but $sodium\;ion(Na^+)$ content greatly increased. In addition, salting caused firmness of the cubes to decrease, and cell shapes to shrink by plasmolysis.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.711-716
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• 1999

This research explored the feasibility of preparing and utilizing a prefonned polymeric solution of Al(III) for coagulation in water treatment. Slow base(NaOH) injection into supersaturated aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate solutions did produce high yields of Al polymers useful to water treatment applications. The method of characterization analysis was based on timed spectrophotometer with ferron as a color developing reagent. The hydrolytic Al species were divided into $monomeric(Al_a),\;polymeric(Al_b),\;and\;precipitate(Al_c)$ from the difference in reaction kinetics. The analysis of PACl's characteristics showed that the quantity of polymeric Al produced at value of$ r(OH_{added}/AI)=2.2$ was $83\%$ of the total aluminum in solution, as showing maximum contents and precipitated Al was dramatically increased when r was increased above 2.35. In addition, the characteristics of polyaluminum sulfate (PAS) showed that polymeric Al contained at r = 0.75 was $18\%$ of the total aluminum in solution. The synthesized PACI and PAS were stable during storing period, as indicating negligible aging effect. The effect of sulfate ion on PACI was dependent on the concentration of sulfate ion. That is, polymeric species decrease and precipitate species increase as sulfate ion concentration increased. It can be concluded that the sulfate cause the formation of $Al(OH)_{3(S)}$ at low pH. However, The effect of calcium ion was negligible for distribution of Al species.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.739-745
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• 2009

N,N'-(bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-7-ene-tetracarboxylic)-bis-L-amino acids 3a-g were synthesized by the condensation reaction of bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride 1 with two equimolars of Lalanine 2a, L-valine 2b, L-leucine 2c, L-isoleucine 2d, L-phenyl alanine 2e, L-2-aminobutyric acid 2f and L-histidine 2g in an acetic acid solution. Seven new poly(amide-imide)s PAIs 5a-g were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of seven chiral N,N'-(bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-7-ene-tetracarboxylic)-bis-L-amino acids 3a-g with bis(3-amino phenyl) phenyl phosphine oxide 4 by two different methods: direct polycondensation in a medium consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/triphenyl phosphite (TPP)/calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$/pyridine (py), and direct polycondensation in a tosyl chloride (TsCl)/pyridine (py)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) system. The polymerization reaction produced a series of flame-retardant and thermally stable poly(amide-imide)s 5a-g with high yield. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by FTIR, $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity, specific rotation and solubility tests. Data obtained by thermal analysis (TGA and DTG) revealed that the good thermal stability of these polymers. These polymers can be potentially utilized in flame retardant thermoplastic materials.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

This study is conducted to investigate vasorelaxant effect of Corni Fructus(CF) on rabbit carotid artery. To determine vasorelaxant effect of CF on rabbit carotid artery, arterial sections with intact or removed endothelium were used in this organ bath study. After being contracted by phenylephrine(PE), arterial sections were treated with CF extract in a dose-dependent manner. To identity its mechanism, the contracted arterial sections by PE were pretreated with indomethacin(IM), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), Nω-nitro-L-arginine(L-NNA) or methylene blue(MB) and 1.0 ㎎/㎖ CF extract. We also studied to confirm the effect on influx of extracellular calcium chloride(Ca²⁺) of the CF extract in rabbit carotid artery. To measure the cytotoxicity of the CF extract, cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC) was measured by MTT assay. Generation of nitric oxide(NO) was also measured by Griess reagent. The arterial sections with intact endothelium were relaxed significantly by CF extract, but this effect was inhibited in the arterial sections with damaged endothelium. The vasorelaxant effect was inhibited significantly when arterial sections were pretreated with IM, TEA, L-NNA, MB. In Ca²⁺-free krebs solution, increasing of arterial contraction by Ca²⁺ was also inhibited by CF significantly. The treatment of CF extract increased NO concentration in HUVEC. This study suggested that the vasorelaxant effect of CF extract would be related with endothelium derived relaxing factor(EDRF) such as NO, prostacyclin(PGI₂), endothelium derived hyperpolarization factor(EDHF).

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.25-32
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation effect of Cynomorii Herba(CH) extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery.Methods : To clarify the vasorelaxation effect of CH extract, arterial strips with intact was used, to endothelium -dependent vasorelaxation effect of CH extract, arterial strips damaged endothelium was used for experiment using organ bath. Arterial strips was contracted with phenylephrine(PE) before treated with CH extract(0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 ㎎/㎖). To study mechanisms of CH-induced vasorelaxation effect, CH extract infused into arterial rings after treatment by indomethacin(IM), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), methylene blue(MB) for comparing with non-treated. And calcium chloride(Ca²⁺) 1 mM was treated into precontracted arterial ring induced by PE after treatment of CH extract in Ca²⁺-free krebs solution. Cytotoxic activity of CH extract on human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC) was measured by MTT assay, and nitric oxide(NO) concentration was measured by Griess reagent.Results : PE-induced arterial strips was significantly relaxed, but the damaged endothelium arterial ring wasn't relaxed by CH extract. Pretreatment of IM, TEA didn't inhibit the vasorelaxation of CH extract, but pretreatment of L-NNA, MB inhibited the vasorelaxation of CH extract. Pretreatment of CH extract reduced the increase of contraction by influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ in contracted arterial ring induced by PE, CH extract increased nitric oxide concentration on HUVEC significantly.Conclusions : This study shows that CH extract have the vasorelaxation effect by blocking the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ through the activating NO-cGMP system.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2019

Decoction of Cocos nucifera husk fibre is used indigenously in Nigeria for malaria treatment. Polyphenols have been identified as the phytochemicals responsible for the antimalarial activity of Cocos nucifera husk fibre, though their toxicity has not been evaluated. The polyphenols of Cocos nucifera husk fibre were therefore evaluated for their effects on selected kidney function indices in mice. Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups (A-E) of ten mice each. Mice in group A were orally administered 5% DMSO solution while those in groups B, C, D and E were orally administered 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/Kg body weight of the polyphenols respectively for seven days. Serum urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations were determined. Serum levels of sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium ions and kidney alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities were also determined. The results showed that the polyphenols significantly reduced (p<0.05) urea concentration at 250 mg/Kg body weight and creatinine concentration at all doses compared to controls. The polyphenols caused no significant alteration (p>0.05) in serum uric acid concentration and kidney ALP, GGT and GDH activities compared to controls. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in serum sodium ion concentration at 31.25, 125 and 250 mg/Kg body weight of polyphenols whereas significant increase (p<0.05) in serum potassium and chloride ions was observed at 62.5 and 250 mg/Kg body weight compared to controls. Thus, polyphenols of Cocos nucifera husk fibre may adversely affect some osmoregulatory functions of the kidney, especially at higher concentrations.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.151-156
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• 2013

Crystallization of $CaCO_3$ is practiced on a polymethylsiloxane (PDMS) - based microfluidic system. Liquid- liquid reaction was investigated by mixing calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) and sodium carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$) solution to crystallize $CaCO_3$. Aspartic acid (Asp) was added to investigate the morphology change such as vaterite and calcite. Suitable ratio of $Na_2CO_3$ and $CaCl_2$ was searched for initial seed formation. Christmas tree model was used as microfluidic device to form concentration gradient of $Na_2CO_3$ and $CaCl_2$. After observing microfluidic channel by using optical microscope, we found that seeds of $CaCO_3$ were formed under the condition that the ratio of $Na_2CO_3$ and $CaCl_2$ was 2:1. Morphology of crystals were also observed as $CaCO_3$ crystals grow. When Asp was added, vaterite crystal was more frequently found in two morphologies (vaterite and calcite) and seed formation and crystal growth were inhibited.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 1997

Removal of the Arsenic components from the closed mine tailings has been attempted by the alkali-leaching method. Two tailings collected from the Daduck and Yuchon mine which were already closed many years ago were leached with caustic soda solutions. The Arsenic components in the leach liquor resulted from the alkali treatment of tailings could be removed fairly well in the form of insoluble calcium-Arsenic compound by the precipitation with calcium chloride. As a result, the extraction of about 60~90% Arsenic from the tailings could be obtained depending on the leaching conditions and the influence of temperature and the slurry density on the extraction of Arsenic was also found to be very small at the NaOH concentration more than 0.5N. In addition, it seemed that a caustic soda solution over 0.5N NaOH could be used repeatedly for the leaching of tailings since the consumption of NaOH was not so great in a leaching of them. As far as the precipitation of Arsenic components was concerned, more than 99% of Arsenic could be precipitated within 10 minutes by the addition of 2wt% CaC12 in to the leach liquor.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.457-461
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• 2007

We investigated the effects of both $CaCl_2$ treatment and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (compared with non-packaging on 'Fuji' apples from the Young-Joo region of Korea. Apples were dined into 5% (w/v) $CaCl_2$ solution for 15 min and then packaged with or without LDPE film (thickness: 0.025 mm) before cold storage at $0^{\circ}C$. Weight loss of applies in film packaging was lower than that of non-packaging applies, and the apple firmness resulting from $CaCl_2$ treatment and MAP was better than that of apples receiving control treatment. Also, $CaCl_2$ treatment and MAP resulted in improvements in titratable acidity, soluble solid content (SSC), and decay rate compared to control treatments. However, no significant differences in vitamin C content were found amongst apples receiving various treatment. the results suggest that a combination of postharvest calcium dipping and plastic film packaging may effectively preserve 'Fuji' apples, and that the combined treatment are better than either individual treatment.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 1980

This experiment was carried out to study on methods of processing the fruit base which is to be used for preparing the fruit yoghurts. Common fruits were compared and peach was chosen among them for this purpose by determing the rate of decrease in hardness during the process of cooking. The maturity, temperature of cooking and methods of peeling were tested to maintain the desirable hardness during the process, and the effects of metallic ion addition on the hardness of the flesh were also studied. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The peaches were keeping the most stable texture during cooking, among common fruits, however the hardness of apples were decreased markedly. Rate of decreases in the flesh hardness were high during the initial stages of cooking then slowered in all fruits tested. 2. Flesh hardness of the peaches were largely affected by the temperature of cooking. And the texture of freeze-stored fruits was severly damaged during thawing, so that could be used only for the limited purposes such as for stirred-type yoghurt. 3. Divalent matallic ions, especially calcium ion, were effective for supporting the flesh hardness of peaches during cooking. 4. The optimal concentration of calcium chloride addition was 0.3%, and this resulted in its final concentration in the product under the legal dosage without any subsquent changes in colour and flavor. 5. The effects of calcium chloride addition were greater in the froms of dices than in those of slices, and in overmature fleshs than in immature ones. 6. Treatment of calcium chloride by soaking the slices or dices of lye-peeled peaches in 0.3% solution was found to be adaptable for the practical process.