• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2006

The uptake of cadmium in animals is mainly accumulated in and affected to the liver and kidney by binding with red blood cells and serum albumin. The process accounts for more than 50% of the total accumulated cadmium in the body. The kidneys may be damaged without regarding the pathway uptake of cadmium. In a group of rats on supplements of 1% chlorella and 40 ppm cadmium, the concentration of cadmium in urine greatly decreased by 66% compared to control group, and the total synthesis of metallothionein decreased by 48.6% compared to control group. However, no previous study has assessed the protective effect on kidney damage induced by cadmium uptake through supplementation with chlorella. This study analyzed the biochemical marker for kidney damage in the rats after uptake of 40 ppm $CdCl_2$ and supplementation of the diet of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with 1%, 5%, and 10% chlorella during 4 weeks. In a group of SD rats on supplementation with 1% chlorella and uptake of 40 ppm $CdCl_2,\;\beta_2$ microglobulin in the urine was found to be $3.1\pm0.6\;{\mu}g/L$, a decrease of 58% compared to a group of Sp rats on uptake of $CdCl_2$ only, in which the $\beta_2$ microglobulin was found to be $4.9\pm0.7\;{\mu}g/L$. According to the results of histopathological observation, the accumulation of mild and localized chronic inflammatory cells in kidney tissues was observed in 50% of the SD rats on uptake of cadmium only. In contrast, only 30% of the SD rats on supplementation with 1% chlorella and uptake of 40ppm $CdCl_2$, representing a histopathological abnormality, and there were no histopathological abnormalities at all in groups of SD rats on supplementation with 5% or 10% chlorella and uptake of 40 ppm $CdCl_2$. In conclusion, protein, calcium, and iron, which account for more than 50% of the total dried chlorella composition, may contribute to the reduction nephrotoxicity by stimulating both inhibited absorption of cadium and increased excretion of accumulated cadmium in kidneys.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.726-733
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school girls in Korea. One hundred thirty-five female students residing in Ulian metropolitan city in Korea diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency participated in this study. One or two tablets of iron medicine(80-160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to all participants for 3 months. Subjects were evaluated with a questionaire, measurement of hematological indices before and after iron supplementation. The average height and weight of respondents were 161.62 $\pm$ 4.68 cm and 53.87 $\pm$ 6.10 kg, respectively. Daily intakes of energy were 1597.8 $\pm$ 302.35 kcal(76.0% RDA). Iron intakes were 13.72 $\pm$ 4.17 mg (76.3% of RDA) and calcium intakes were 580.74 $\pm$ 177.21(72.5% of RDA) before iron supp]ementation. At baseline, 63% of all participants had depleted store(serum ferritin 12 ug/ml and/or transferrin saturation(TS) < 14%). After iron supplementation, this proportion declined to 19.3%. 55.6% of subjects had 12 ug/m1 of basal ferritin concentration before iron supplementation, and this proportion declined to 16.3% after iron supplementation. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentrations were 12.13 $\pm$ 1.01 g/dl and they increased to 12.79 $\pm$ 0.81 g/dl, which showed significant difference artier iron supplementation(p < 0.001). The basal ferritin and TS(%) were 13.24 $\pm$ 11.66 ng/ml, 18.42 $\pm$ 10.12% and they significantly increased to 32.95 $\pm$ 21.14 ng/ml, 33.53 $\pm$ 16.64%, respectively(p < 0.001). The basal total iron binding protein(TIBC) were 467.81 $\pm$ 97.24 ug/dl and they significantly decreased to 325.05 $\pm$ 48.89 ug/dl(p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with serum iron(t = 0.553, p < 0.01), serum ferritin(t = 0.557, p < 0.01), TS(%)(t = 0.588, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with TIBC(t= -0.409, p <0.01). The anemia symptoms such as ‘Shortening of breath when going upstairs(p < 0.01)’, ‘Tired out easily(p < 0.01)’, ‘Feeling blue(p < 0.001)’, ‘Decreased ability to concentrate(p < 0.01)’, and ‘Poor memory(p < 0.001)’improved significantly after iron supplementation. In this study, daily iron supplementations were efficacious in improving the iron status and anemic symptoms of female high school students. Regular check-ups and nutrition education for adolescents are necessary because of their vulnerability to iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum effective dose of iron and to examine the adverse effect of long-term iron supplementation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2015

Zinc has been considered as a vital constituent of proteins, including enzymes. Mobile reactive zinc ($Zn^{2+}$) is the key form of zinc involved in signal transductions, which are mainly driven by its binding to proteins or the release of zinc from proteins, possibly via a redox switch. There has been growing evidence of zinc's critical role in cell signaling, due to its flexible coordination geometry and rapid shifts in protein conformation to perform biological reactions. The importance and complexity of $Zn^{2+}$ activity has been presumed to parallel the degree of calcium's participation in cellular processes. Whole body and cellular $Zn^{2+}$ levels are largely regulated by metallothioneins (MTs), $Zn^{2+}$ importers (ZIPs), and $Zn^{2+}$ transporters (ZnTs). Numerous proteins involved in signaling pathways, mitochondrial metabolism, and ion channels that play a pivotal role in controlling cardiac contractility are common targets of $Zn^{2+}$. However, these regulatory actions of $Zn^{2+}$ are not limited to the function of the heart, but also extend to numerous other organ systems, such as the central nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular tissue, and secretory glands, such as the pancreas, prostate, and mammary glands. In this review, the regulation of cellular $Zn^{2+}$ levels, $Zn^{2+}$-mediated signal transduction, impacts of $Zn^{2+}$ on ion channels and mitochondrial metabolism, and finally, the implications of $Zn^{2+}$ in health and disease development were outlined to help widen the current understanding of the versatile and complex roles of $Zn^{2+}$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2013

The calcium-activated $K^+$ ($BK_{Ca}$) channel is one of the potassium-selective ion channels that are present in the nervous and vascular systems. $Ca^{2+}$ is the main regulator of $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation. The $BK_{Ca}$ channel contains two high affinity $Ca^{2+}$ binding sites, namely, regulators of $K^+$ conductance, RCK1 and the $Ca^{2+}$ bowl. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is one of the neurolipids. LPA affects diverse cellular functions on many cell types through G protein-coupled LPA receptor subtypes. The activation of LPA receptors induces transient elevation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels through diverse G proteins such as $G{\alpha}_{q/11}$, $G{\alpha}_i$, $G{\alpha}_{12/13}$, and $G{\alpha}s$ and the related signal transduction pathway. In the present study, we examined LPA effects on $BK_{Ca}$ channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes, which are known to endogenously express the LPA receptor. Treatment with LPA induced a large outward current in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner. However, repeated treatment with LPA induced a rapid desensitization, and the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 blocked LPA action. LPA-mediated $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation was also attenuated by the PLC inhibitor U-73122, $IP_3$ inhibitor 2-APB, $Ca^{2+}$ chelator BAPTA, or PKC inhibitor calphostin. In addition, mutations in RCK1 and RCK2 also attenuated LPA-mediated $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation. The present study indicates that LPA-mediated activation of the $BK_{Ca}$ channel is achieved through the PLC, $IP_3$, $Ca^{2+}$, and PKC pathway and that LPA-mediated activation of the $BK_{Ca}$ channel could be one of the biological effects of LPA in the nervous and vascular systems.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.302-314
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intake, indices of anemia, serum lipids, and their correlations in 40 Korean female college students aged 21 to 25 years. Fasting blood samples were collected in October. 1997 Nutrient intake was investigated by 24-hour recall method for three days. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, iron status and serum lipids of the subjects were determined. The mean values for age. height, weight, BMI and blood pressure of the subjects were 22.1 years, 160.6cm, 54.4kg and 109.1/66.9mmHg, respectively. According to the body composition analysis, total body water, % body fat, lean body mass and WHR were 26.7L. 29.5%, 36.5kg and 0.8, respectively. Average daily intake of energy was 1,858.4kcal. Protein, phosphorus, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin and vitamin C intakes were higher than the Korean recommended dietary allowence(RDA), whereas calcium, iron, vitamin A intakes were tower than that. Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(SI) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) were measured and transferrin saturation (TS%) was calculated from serum. The mean values for Hb, Hct, SI, TIBC and TS were 13.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, 41.6%,97.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, 319.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 31.9%, respectively. The Prevalence rates of iron deficiency assessed by Hb and Hct were found to be 10% and 2.5%, respectively. However, when assessed with TIBC, the prevalence rate of iron deficiency was increased to 32.5%. The mean values for serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), HDL-Chol, LDL-Chol concentrations and atherogenic index(AI) were 154.7mg/㎗, 80.0mg/㎗, 47.4mg/㎗, 91.3mg/㎗ and 2.6, respectively. Correlations among indices of anemia. there were positive correlations between Hb and Hct, between SI and TS : negative correlations between TIBC and TS or SI. Correlations among serum lipids, there were positive correlations between TC and TG or LDL-cholesterol. Energy intakes were correlated positively with TIBC(p＜0.05), and vitamin C intakes negatively correlated with Hb(P＜0.05). And vitamin A intakes were negatively correlated with TG(p＜0.01). TC(p＜0.05) and LDL-Chol(p＜0.01). Hb negatively correlated with TG(P＜0.05). Body weights(p＜0.05), lean body mass(p＜0.05) and total body water(p＜0.01) werenegatively correlated with Hb. BMI and WHR correlated with TG and TC(p＜0.01). These results indicated that subjects with higher energy intake and overweight had a tendency to have iron deficiency. Increases in BMI and WHR were related to increases in serum lipids levels and decreases in TIBC. The results also showed that serum lipids were decreased when vitamin A and iron intakes were sufficient.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.544-547
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• 2015

11살 수컷 페키니즈가 10일간의 발작을 주증으로 내원하였다. 내원 15일전 파행으로 지역병원에서 소염제를 처방 받았었고 10일 전 간헐적 전신발작을 시작으로 내원 2일 전에는 실조와 정신둔감이 함께 발생하였다. 혈액검사와 영상학적 검사상 특이소견은 관찰되지 않았으나, 신경계 검사상 위협반사와 동공 빛 반사가 떨어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 내원 9시간 후 호흡곤란이 발생하였고 그 후 12시간 후 보호자의 요청으로 안락사를 실시하였다. 부검상 가로 단면에서 확장된 종양으로 인해 현저한 중심선 이동을 관찰할 수 있었다. 조직학적 분석을 통해 신경아교세포의 거짓 울타리화된 괴사와 미세혈관의 증식을 확인할 수 있었다. 면역염색 결과 종양 부위에서 GFAP, PCNA, Iba-a 에 염색된 세포가 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 아교모세포종으로 진단되었다. 원발성 두강내 종양은 수의학에서 흔하지 않다. 이번 증례는 페키니즈견에서 아교모세포종의 임상적, 조직학적 발견에 대한 보고이다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2019

As the elderly population is increasing, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a global issue and many clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate treatments for AD. As these clinical trials have been conducted and have failed, the development of new theraphies for AD with fewer adverse effects remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the effects of Theracurmin on cognitive decline using 5XFAD mice, an AD mouse model. Theracurmin is more bioavailable form of curcumin, generated with submicron colloidal dispersion. Mice were treated with Theracurmin (100, 300 and 1,000 mg/kg) for 12 weeks and were subjected to the novel object recognition test and the Barnes maze test. Theracurmin-treated mice showed significant amelioration in recognition and spatial memories compared those of the vehicle-treated controls. In addition, the antioxidant activities of Theracurmin were investigated by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. The increased MDA level and decreased SOD and GSH levels in the vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice were significantly reversed by the administration of Theracurmin. Moreover, we observed that Theracurmin administration elevated the expression levels of synaptic components, including synaptophysin and post synaptic density protein 95, and decreased the expression levels of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), a marker of activated microglia. These results suggest that Theracurmin ameliorates cognitive function by increasing the expression of synaptic components and by preventing neuronal cell damage from oxidative stress or from the activation of microglia. Thus, Theracurmin would be useful for treating the cognitive dysfunctions observed in AD.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1981

수도묘(水稻苗)의 Butachlor(2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(carboxymethyl) acetanilide) 흡수특성(吸收特性)과 약해발생가구(藥害發生機構)를 밝히어 Butachlor의 안전사용(安全使用)에 도움을 주고자 시도(試圖)되었다. 수도품종(水稻品種) '만석(萬石)'(수원(水原)264호(號))을 사용(使用)하여 제(第)6, 7여기(葉期)까지 수경재배(水耕栽培)한 후 Butachlor를 0, 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 10.8 또는 14.4ppm 되도록 처리(處理한) 수경액(水耕液)으로 1, 2, 4일간(日間) 생육(生育)시킨 경우와 Butachlor 처리(處理) 후(後) 정상수경액(正常水耕液)으로 교체(交替)하고 6일간(間生) 생장(生長)시킬 경우 약해(藥害)의 진전(進展) 또는 회복과정중(恢復過程中)에 일어나는 수도(水稻)의 Butachlor 흡수(吸收)에 따른 생장반응(生長反應), 수분흡수(水分吸收), 양분흡수(養分吸收), 기공(氣孔) 개폐(開閉), 질산환원효소(窒酸還元酵素)(Nitrate reductase)의 생합성(生合成) 및 분해작용(分解作用)의 변화(變化)를 검정(檢定)했고 Butachlor의 세포구성물질(細胞構成物質)들에 대한 흡착특성(吸着特性)을 비교(比較)하였으며 그 결과(結結)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 수도묘(水稻苗)의 Butachlor의 흡수(吸收)는 처리농도(處理濃度) 및 기간(期間)에 비례(比例)하여 거의 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增加)하였다. 2. Butachlor는 지상부(地上部) 생육(生育)보다는 뿌리생육(生育)을, 지상부(地上部) 생체중(生體重) 및 출엽(出葉)보다는 초장(草長)의 생육(生育)을 더욱 저해(沮害)하였으며, 처리종료(處理終了) 후(後) 지상부(地上部) 생체중(生體重)과 출엽(出葉)은 조속(早速)히 회복(恢復)되었으나 초장(草長) 및 뿌리생체중(生體重) 생장(生長)은 4일(日) 이후(以後) 회복세(恢復勢)를 보였다. 3. Butachlor는 뿌리의 수분흡수(水分吸收)를 처리농도(處理濃度) 비례(比例)하여 곧 저해(沮害)하였고, 그 결과(結果) 엽면(葉面) 기공(氣孔)의 저항(低抗)을 증가(增加)시켰으며, 처리종료(處理終了) 후(後)에는 수분흡수력(水分吸收力)은 곧 회복(恢復)되었으나 기공(氣孔)의 개도(開度)는 서서히 회복(恢復)되었다. 4. Butachlor는 처리(處理) 전(前) 후(後) 수도묘(水稻苗)의 $NH_4^+$, $K^+$ 및 $Ca^{++}$ 같은 양(陽)이온의 흡수(吸收)에는 영향(影響)하지 않았으나 $NO_3^-$의 흡수(吸收)를 뚜렷이 저해(沮害)했고, 7.2 ppm의 고종도(高濃度)에서는 인산(燐酸)의 흡수(吸收)도 저해(沮害)했다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1096-1103
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• 2013

만성외상성뇌병증(Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, CTE)은 운동선수와 매우 밀접하게 관련되어 있으며 장기간에 걸쳐 반복적인 외상성뇌손상(traumatic brain injury, TBI)로 인한 퇴행성뇌질환이다. 신경영양인자(neurotrophic factor)는 여러 종류가 알려져 있으며 이들은 뇌와 척수의 물리적 손상시에 신경보호효과가 있다. 따라서, 신경영양인자의 혼합물인 cebrolysin을 이용하여 CTE질환에 가장 적합하다고 여겨지는 repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) 모델에서 cerebrolysin의 신경보호효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 실험군은 5군(groups 1 and 2: rmTBI for 4 weeks following cerebrolysin injection for 4 weeks; groups 3 and 4: rmTBI for 8 weeks with or without cerebrolysin injection for 4 weeks; group 5: control)으로 나누어 진행하였다. CTE의 가장 대표적 표시인자인 tau 단백질의 인산화를 조직학적으로 조사한 결과, 대뇌겉질과 해마내 CA3 영역에서 phospho-tau단백질의 발현이 증가되었으며 cerebrolysin ($10{\mu}l$ of 1 mg/ml)를 미정맥으로 투여시 p-tau발현이 감소되었다. CTE의 병인으로 알려진 별아교세포와 미세아교세포의 활성을 각각의 표시인인 GFAP, iba-1을 이용하여 면역조직화학염색을 시행하였다. 별아교세포의 활성은 rmTBI에 의하여 증가하였으며 cerebrolysin에 의해 회복되었으나 미세아교세포의 활성은 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 rmTBI모델에서 체내 탐식세포(macrophage)의 뇌내유입유무를 관찰하고자 CD45 염색을 시행하였으나 유의한 차이를 관찰하지 못하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, cerebrolysin이 rmTBI에 의한 tau단백질의 인산화 및 별아교세포의 활성을 조절하는 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 cerebrolysin이 CTE 환자에 대한 치료 약물의 후보가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.603-614
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• 2017

본 연구는 2010~2012년 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 20~79세 한국 성인 총 16,595명을 대상으로 식품안정성에 따른 건강 및 영양섭취상태를 살펴보았다. 식품안정성 문항의 답변에 따라 Secure군은 7,256명 (43.7%), Mildly insecure군은 8,764명 (52.8%), Moderately/Securely insecure군은 575명 (3.5%) 이었다. 식품불안정은 나이가 많을수록, 여성일수록, 교육 및 소득 수준이 낮을수록, 독거인 경우, 체질량지수, 현재 흡연율, 운동유무, 직업에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 20~39세 그룹에서 식품불안정성이 높은 군일수록 헤모글로빈은 낮았고, 철결합능은 높았으며, 40~59세 그룹에서 식품불안정성이 높은 군일수록 HDL-콜레스테롤이 낮았으며, 60~79세 그룹에서 식품불안정성이 높은 군일수록 총 콜레스테롤이 높게 측정되었다. 식품안정성이 불안정할수록 20~39세 남자에서는 수면시간이 적었고, 40~59세 남자에서는 우울증상과 자살을 생각해본 비율이 높았고 60~79세 남자는 수면시간이 많았고 스트레스를 많이 느끼고 우울증상과 자살을 생각해 본 대상자의 비율이 높았다. 또한 식품안정성이 불안정한 여성은 40~59세, 60~79세 공통적으로 스트레스를 많이 느끼며 우울증상과 자살생각과 같은 정신건강과 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 영양소 섭취량은 식품불안정이 높은 그룹일수록 전체적인 영양소 섭취량이 낮은 경향을 보였고, 전반적으로 20~39세 그룹에서는 Secure군과 Mildly insecure군의 섭취에는 유의적인 차이가 없는 반면, 40~59세, 60~79세 그룹에서는 세 그룹 간에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 또한 식품섭취량은 모든 그룹에서 식품불안정이 높은 그룹일수록 전반적인 식품섭취는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구 결과 우리나라 성인의 식품안정성은 나이, 성별, 교육, 소득수준, 독거 유무, 직업 특성 및 활동 가능성 여부 등과 관련이 있으며 식품안정성은 식품섭취와 영양소 섭취뿐만 아니라 스트레스, 우울증, 자살생각과 성인의 정신건강과 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 한국 성인 및 노인에게 식품불안정이 신체적 및 정신적 건강상태와 식이섭취상태를 악화시키는 요인으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 젊은 성인보다 중년과 노인이 식품불안정에 따른 건강에 더 취약한 것으로 나타나 연령에 따라 식품안정성과 건강을 확보하기 위한 다양한 정책과 영양지원 프로그램이 필요함을 확인하였다.