• 환경정책연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2013

도시 내 중금속 오염지에 대한 정화방법의 하나인 식물정화재배(phytoremediation)의 효용성을 검증하기 위해 자생 지피식물인 비비추를 대상으로 실험을 수행하였다. 카드뮴(Cd), 납(Pb), 아연(Zn)의 중금속을 중심으로 각각 네가지 농도로(0, 100, 250, $500mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) 처리한 무배수용기에 비비추를 식재한 후 7개월간 식물과 토양 내 중금속 변화량을 살펴보았다. 비비추 지상부에서의 카드뮴(Cd)과 납(Pb)은 처리농도가 증가할수록 검출량도 증가하였으나, 아연(Zn)은 감소되었다. 지하부에서는 아연(Zn), 카드뮴(Cd), 납(Pb)처리가 고농도일수록 검출량도 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 식물체 지상부와 지하부간의 축적률인 TF(transportation factor)의 경우, 대부분 중금속 처리에서 80% 이상을 지하부에서 축적하는 것으로 나타났다. 토양 내 중금속의 제거량은 세 가지 중금속 모두 처리농도가 높을수록 비례적으로 증가하였다. 식물체와 토양 내 중금속 농도비인 BF(bioaccumulation factor)의 경우 아연(Zn)이 낮은 반면, 카드뮴(Cd), 납(Pb)의 경우 토양에서 식물체에 의한 축적률이 30% 이상인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 반응은 오염된 토양에서 식물은 생육이 가능한 한계까지만 활성화할 수 있는 낮은 농도의 중금속을 선택적으로 축적하려는 것으로 판단되며, 지속적인 정화효과를 위해서는 생육과 축적이 가능한 저농도 중금속 오염지를 정화방법으로 적용될 수 있으리라 본다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.491-501
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• 2018

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare concentrations and the correspondence of human blood cadmium by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which are representative methods of heavy metal analysis. Methods: We randomly selected 79 people who agreed to participate in the research project. After confirming the linearity of the calibration curves for GF-AAS and ICP-MS, the concentrations of cadmium in a quality control standard material and blood samples were measured, and the correlation and the degree of agreement were compared. Results: The detection limit of ICP-MS (IDL: $0.000{\mu}g/L$, MDL: $0.06{\mu}g/L$) was lower than that of GF-AAS (IDL: $0.085{\mu}g/L$, MDL: $0.327{\mu}g/L$). The coefficient of variation of the quality control standard material showed stable values for both ICP-MS (clinchek-1: 5.35%, clinchek-2: 6.22%) and GF-AAS (clinchek-1: 7.92%, clinchek-2: 5.22%). Recovery was relatively high for both ICP-MS (clinchek-1: 95.1%, clinchek-2: 92.8%) and GF-AAS (clinchek-1: 91.4%, clinchek-2: 98.8%), with more than 90%. The geometric mean, median, and percentile of blood samples were all similar. The agreement of the two instruments compared with the bias of the analytical values found that about 81% of the analytical values were within ${\pm}30%$ of the deviation from the ideal reference line (y=0). As a result of the agreement limit, the value included in the confidence interval was about 94%, which shows high agreement. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed there was no significant difference in concentrations of a quality control standard material and blood samples. Since ICP-MS showed lower concentrations than GF-AAS at concentrations below the method detection limit of GF-AAS, it is expected that more precise results will be obtained by analyzing blood cadmium with ICP-MS.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2001

양이온성 계면활성제인 HDTMA를 이용하여 치환시킨 유기 벤토나이트의 중금속 흡착능을 알아보았다. 카드뮴과 납의 흡착량은 pH와 흡착제 대 용액 비가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 이 실험을 통해 적정 pH 범위와 흡착제 대 용액 비를 결정하였다. 유기 벤토나이로의 중금속 흡착은 벤토나이트에 비해 약간 감소하였으며, 두 가지 중금속이 함께 존재하는 경우 경쟁에 의해 흡착량은 더 감소하였다. 유기 벤토나이트의 경우 카드뮴에 비해 납의 흡착 감소량은 더 두드러지게 나타났다. 이러한 흡착 mechanism을 hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) 원리를 사용하여 설명하였다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.83-93
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• 1991

For the survey of water pollution, several heavy metals were analyzed in the sediment of the Han River from March 20 to April 22, 1989. The results were as follows : 1. The respective ranges of heavy metal concentrations of Cadimium, Lead, Copper, Zinc and Manganese found in the sediments of the Han River were 0.32!2.41 $\mu g/g$, 15.80~129.64 $\mu g/g$, 13.82~372.36 $\mu g/g$, 58.40~925.40 $\mu g/g$, 271.50~668.30 $\mu g/g$. 2. In the sediment of inflow site Jung Rang Chon the contents of Lead, Copper, Zinc were the highest among other sampling points and An Yang Chon, the contents of Cadmium, was the highest among other sampling points and Wang Sook Chon, the contents of Manganese, was the highest among other sampling points. 3. Through all sampling points general trend of heavy metal contamination showed the highest in Zinc, the next Manganese, Copper, Lead and Cadmium respectively. 4. The higher amount of heavy metal was found in the finer particles of sediment. 5. The amount of Cadmium and Lead of the Han River water was below the standard of environment.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.943-947
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• 2008

For the purpose of safety identification, the concentrations of heavy metals in seaweeds collected from Busan Gijang coastal area were investigated. The average concentration of metals had a level of as high as the order of manganese (2.76 ppm)>zinc(2.11 ppm)>copper(0.59 ppm)>arsenic (0.092 ppm)>lead(0.06 ppm)> mercury(0.03 ppm)>cadmium(0.026 ppm). The contents of manganese and zinc were highly detected from P. elliptica, copper and mercury from agar, cadmium from sea mustard and arsenic from wild sea mustard, respectively. The metal contents of seaweeds varied with kinds of samples, but high level for the safety can be found in these samples. Because P. elliptica had shown a clear selectivity for both manganese and zinc, this seaweed could be useful as a bioindicator for these two metal pollution.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1989

정신지체와 인체내 카드뮴 함량과의 관련성을 보기 위해 정신지체아 297명(가정이 있는 아동이 다니는 특수학교 1개교의 132명과 고아로 구성된 특수학교 1개교의 165명)을 대상으로 두발중 카드뮴 및 아연함량을 측정하였으며 학업성적이 중위권 이상인 일반 국민학교 학생 117명을 대조군으로 하여 비교해 보았다. 시료의 분석은 원자흡광광도계를 이용하였다. 두발 중 카드뮴 함량의 연령에 따른 차이는 없었으며 아연은 대조군 남자의 경우 연령 증가에 비례하였다. 가정이 있는 정신지체아의 경우 카드뮴 함량이 남녀 각각 $0.64{\pm}0.24ppm,\;0.66{\pm}0.18ppm$, 가정이 없는 정신지체아(고아군)의 경우 남녀 각각 $0.71{\pm}0.19ppm,\;0.65{\pm}0.15ppm$ 으로써 대조군 (남;$0.45{\pm}0.15ppm$, 여:$0.49{\pm}0.16ppm$)에 비해 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그러나 아연의 경우 유의한 차이는 없었다. 정신지체의 정도별로 보았을때 고아인 경우 남녀 모두 카드뮴 함량이 지체정도가 심할수록 높았으나 가정이 있는 지체아의 경우는 그러한 차이가 없었다. 다만 선천성 질환인 Down증후군은 남녀 모두 대조군과 카드뮴함량의 차이가 없었다. 자폐증이 있는 경우 아연의 함량이 특이적으로 낮았다. 본 연구의 결과에서 카드뮴이 정신지체에 어느 정도의 영향을 끼칠 것으로 추측되나 더욱 연구를 계속해 보아야 하겠다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.20-23
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• 1994

The polymerase chain reaction was used to study the genes inducible under stress from the heavy metal cadmium. Schizosaccharomyces pombe, grown in the presence or absence of sublethal concentration of cadmium, was isolated to purify the total RNAs. The Induced RNA Random Fishing (IRRF) method in which random oligonucleotides were used as primers was applied to the identification of cadmium-induced gene expressions. A PCR-DNA product of 400-bp was cloned and sequenced. Computer analysis showed that this DNA has no homology with any known DNA sequences in GenBank or EMBL databases. The induction of this gene was confirmed by Northern blot analysis of total RNAs isolated from both cadmium-treated and untreated yeast cells.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.302-306
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• 1995

E. coli was tested for their ability to uptake cadmium intracellularly, and the effect of zinc and calcium on cadmium toxicity to E. coli was observed. In addition, the effect of zinc and calcium on the uptake of cadimium was also studied. This study showed that living E. coli cells took up more cadmium than the dead cells. E. coli in the log phase uptake cadimiumm more actively than E. coli in the stationary phase. These results suggested that there may be metabolic reactions or compounds which encourage the uptake of cadimium. This study also showed that cadimium was sequestered by cell components of which molecular weight is about 30,000. Adding of zinc and calcium chloride reduced cadmium toxicity in E. coli and encouraged intracellular uptake by E coli. However adding of heavy metal solutions helped the microorganisms to adsorb more cadmium. Extremely high or low concentrations of zinc, however, did not affect cell viability.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.421-427
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• 2003

담수 식물 뿌리에 부착하는 미생물의 중금속 흡착력을 조사하기 위하여 Enterobacter intermedious KH410을 분리하여 이 균주에 대한 납과 카드뮴, 구리에 대한 생흡착 특성을 조사하였다. 각각의 중금속에 대한 최저 생육 저지 농도는 납은 1.78 mM, 카드뮴은 0.17 mM, 구리는 1.39 mM 이었다. 흡착에 이용하기 위한 최대 균체 생산은 최적 조건하에서 2.56 g DCW/ $\ell$-medium이었다. 최적 흡착조건은 0.6 g-biomass, pH 4, 온도는 $20^{\circ}C$일 때이었다. 흡착평형은 30분에서, 반응용액은 400 mg/$\ell$이었다. 흡착용량(K)은 구리가 카드뮴의 1.5배, 납은 카드뮴의 1.1배로 구리가 가장 높았으며 흡착강도(1/n)는 카드뮴>구리>납의 순 이었다. 흡착강도에 따른 등온식 적용은 세가지 중금속 모두 Freundlich 흡착등온식이 적합하였다. 건조 균체를 이용한 최대 흡착은 납과 카드뮴, 구리에 대하여 각각 56.2, 58.0, 55.8 mg/g-biomass 이었다. 흡착강도를 높이기 위한 전처리제로는 0.1 M NaOH가 적합하였으며 중금속 별로는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 한편 중금속 회수를 위한 탈착 시험에서는 납은 0.1 M EDTA에서, 카드뮴과 구리는 0.1 M HNO$_3$에서 높은 탈착율을 나타내었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1982

Seventy-seven Mugil cephalus of spinal deformation, living in Hanam, Nogsan, and Myeongji area, the downstreams of the Nagdong River, were collected in order to determine their forms and the levels of heavy metal contamination between March and October, 1981. The specimens were examined by X-ray and content of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The rate of appearance of deformational fish to the total Mugil cephflus were 4.3% (13 fish), 5.7% (17 fish), relatively high in May and June (dry season). Meanwhile during March and October they were low by 1.0% (3 fish), 2.0% (6 fish). As far as the research areas are concerned, they appeared in larger numbers in downstreams than in upper streams Myeongji (39), Nogsan (25), and Hanam (13). 2. Concerning with fractured parts of vertebraes,86 percent (66 out of 77) had their caudal regions fractured and 72 percent (55) their first to seventh caudal regions fractured. 3. The average levels of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc detected from flesh were 0.26ppm, 2.06ppm, 6.35ppm, 0.85ppm on the other hand, they were 0.22ppm, 1.84ppm, 5.03ppm, 0.93ppm in normal fish. 4. The average levels of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc measured in the bones were 0.39ppm, 2.55ppm, 8.97ppm, 2.73ppm. Meanwhile, from normal fish they were 0.33ppm, 2.25ppm, 7.24ppm, 2.42ppm. 5. Compared with regional heavy metal contamination such as cadium, lead, zinc, Myeongji area had higher contamination content than Nogsan area Nogsan area than Hanam area. 6. Compared with heavy metal contamination level in their tissues, cadmium was highly found in bones Lead and copper were highly detected in viscera. Particularly in skeleton cadmium was 560 times, zinc 160 times in proportion to those in the downstreams of the Nagdong River.