• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2009

Statement of problem: There is a reduction of dentin bonding strength when the bonding procedure is carried out immediately after bleaching with peroxides. Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate a proper time interval for in-office bleaching technique using 35% hydrogen peroxide. Material and methods: Fifty extracted non-caries human third molars were used in this study. Buccal enamel of each tooth was removed and polished by 600 grits silicone carbide paper. They were randomly divided into five groups and bleached 35% hydrogen peroxide except control group. All groups were bonded with Single Bond/Z 350 after each time intervals ; Group-A: control, no bleaching treatment. Group-B: resin bonding immediately after bleaching. Group-C: resin bonding 1day after bleaching. Group-D: resin bonding 2 days after bleaching. Group-E: resin bonding 7days after bleaching. Shear bond strengths were measured with a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min using an Instron machine. The data of results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test.(P=.05) Results: There were significant decreases in mean shear strength in immediately bonding group after bleaching. The reduction of bond strengths was 78% compared with the group of no bleaching treatment. Group C showed the recovery of 51%, and Group D showed recovery of 63%. Both of them have no statistical difference with non-bleaching group. Group E showed no statistical difference with no bleaching treatment group. Conclusion: Dentin bonding strength is significantly reduced when bonding is performed immediately after bleaching for in-office bleaching regimens using 35% hydrogen peroxide, and increases as time goes by. One week of elapsed time between bleaching and resin bonding significantly increases bonding strengths for the in-office bleaching technique.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1336-1345
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of exercise science of shoes for Aged' health promotion. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using cinematography and the Zebris system (Zebris Emed Sensor Platform, GR-DVL9800) to analyze pressure of foot and ground reaction force. Subjects recruited were 20 healthy elderly men. They walked at 1.36m/sec velocity wearing type A (domestic), type B (foreign) and walking shoes (A company). One-way ANOVA was used to analyze statistics. The results were as following: no significant differences were observed in gait variables among the three groups (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in max pronation angle of heels examined among the three groups (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in kinetic variables (ground reaction force and max pressure) among the three groups (p<0.05). A physiology study was performed to analyze the effects of walking with shoes with silver added to them on percent body fat, resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure. Sixty adults males were recruited from the public health center. They were divided into four groups. C: control group (n=20), EY: elderly Y group (n=20), and EO: elderly O group (n=20). The results of this study were as follows: percent body fat was decreased following each exercise period, however, not all the groups showed a significant difference. The change of resting metabolic rate was significantly increased in HI (high intensity) and LI (low intensity) periods in the C and EY groups. However, there was no significant difference in the EO group. The mean energy expenditure during and after exercise were significantly lowered in all periods compared to the control group.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.275-280
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze relationship between community participation and smartphone usage level. The study was conducted for 100 people aged 55 or older. We conduct a task-based questionnaire to evaluate smartphone usage level. The levels of smartphone use were reclassified as 0~3 points C level, 4~7 points B level, and 8 points or more A level based on task-based survey score. For data processing, SAS 9.4 was used. As a result, a total of 97 data were included in the result analysis, and 85 smartphone users(87.6%). There was a significant correlation between smartphone usage level and community participation(r=0.22). As a result of using ANOVA, the smartphone usage level and community participation scores showed a significant difference(p=0.04). This study confirmed that there is a difference in community participation by smartphone usage level. Most elderly people showed high smartphone education demand. It is considered necessary to develop educational programs and educational tools to improve educational satisfaction and smartphone usage.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

The subjects were 420 workers who received oriental and western health examination both in the workplaces for 1 month. This study was planned for the reflection of western health examination results through evaluation of Sasang constitution with use of data from western health examination, and for the presentation of basic data applicable to constitutional medicine with preventive medicine. Data that were collected in field research were analyzed into frequencies, One-Way ANOVA, Chi-square testing by the study purposes, and the research results were as follows: 1. The distribution of Sasang constitution in 420 subjects was Taeumin > Soumin > Soyangin, and the general characteristics of subject by Sasang constitution were no significant difference. 2. For the measured values for body by the subject of Sasang constitution, Taeumin had higher value for height, body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure than other 2 constitutions. Soumin had the lowest values in average for all items, and on the other hand, Soyangin had high pulse pressure compared to other constitutions. It was significant difference between constitutions. 3. For the hematological average, Taeumin had high average for FBS, Total-C, GPT, and Taeumin ,and Soyangin had high in Hb compared to Soumin. Soyangin had the highest average for ${\gamma}-GPT$, and there were significant differences between FBS, Total-C, Hb, GPT, ${\gamma}-GTP$, excepting for GOT. 4. For the result of health examination by the Sasang constitution of subject, Taeumin showed the highest percentage in the items of obesity, primary care, secondary suspicion, and showed significant difference by the constitution. For the distribution of the past disease history by the health examination result of Sasang constitution, Taeumin and Soumin had high prevalence rate for hypertension, liver disease, and Soyangin had high prevalence rate for liver disease, hypertension. For the requirement of lifestyle improvement to the subject, the highest requirements by the Sasang constitution were physical exercise for Soumin, regulation of body weight for Taeumin, and it showed significant difference. For the requirement of primary care by the constitution, the highest requiremetns were obesity control for Taeumin, blood pressure control for Soumin, Soyangin, and liver suspicion was the highest distribution for each constitution in the case of having decision for secondary suspicion.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.147-163
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• 2013

The world faces several issues of energy crisis and environmental deterioration due to over-dependence on single source of which is fossil fuel. Though, fuel is needed as ingredients for industrial development and growth of any country, however the fossil fuel which is a major source of energy for this purpose has always been terrifying thus the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. The search for alternative energy sources resulted into the acceptance of a biofuel as a reliable alternative energy source. This work presents the study of optimization of process of transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using NaOH as catalyst. A $2^4$ factorial design method was employed to investigate the influence of ratio of oil to methanol, temperature, NaOH concentration, and transesterification time on the yield of biodiesel from vegetable oil. Low and high levels of the key factors considered were 4:1 and 6:1 mole ratio, 30 and $60^{\circ}C$ temperatures, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% catalyst concentration, and 30 and 60 min reaction time. Results obtained revealed that oil to methanol molar ratio of 6:1, tranesetrification temperature of $60^{\circ}C$, catalyst concentration of 1.0wt % and reaction time of 30 min are the best operating conditions for the optimum yield of biofuel from vegetable oil, with optimum yield of 95.8%. Results obtained on the characterizzation of the produced biodiesel indicate that the specific gravity, cloud point, flash point, sulphur content, viscosity, diesel index, centane number, acid value, free glycerine, total glycerine and total recovery are 0.8899, 4, 13, 0.0087%, 4.83, 25, 54.6. 0.228mgKOH/g, 0.018, 0.23% and 96% respectively. Results also indicate that the qualities of the biodiesel tested for are in conformity with the set standard. A model equation was developed based on the results obtained using a statistical tool. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data shows that mole ratio of ground nut oil to methanol and transesterification time have the most pronounced effect on the biodiesel yield with contributions of 55.06% and 9.22% respectively. It can be inferred from the results various conducted that vegetable oil locally produced from groundnut oil can be utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.521-527
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• 2004

Cimetidine is a histamine $H_2-receptor$ antagonist, used for the treatment of endoscopically or radiographically comfirmed duodenal ulcer, pathologic GI hypersecretory conditions, and active, benign and gastric ulcer. Simple method for determining cimetidine in human plasma has been developed and validated. The analytical procedure for cimetidine showed a linear relationship in the concentration ranges from $0.05\;to\;5\;{\mu}g/ml$. Coefficient of variance (CV, %) for intraday and interday validation and relative error (RE, %) were less than ${\pm}15%$. Based on this analytical method, the bioequivalence of two cimetidine 400 mg tablets, reference (Tagamet 400 mg) and test drug (Sinil CIMETIDINE 400 mg) was evaluated according to the guidelines set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Release of cimetidine from the tablets in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solutions and water). Twenty-four healthy volunteers, $21.38{\pm}1.86$ years in age and $68.71{\pm}8.68\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was performed. After oral administration of a tablet containing 400 mg of cimetidine, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and concentrations of cimetidine in plasma were determined using HPLC equipped with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of the two tablet formulations were very similar at all dissolution media. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA was employed for the statistical analysis of parameters. The results were revealed that the differences in $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ between the two tablets were 4.17 % and 0.97% respectively. At 90% confidence intervals, the differences in these parameters were also within ${\pm}20%$. All of the above mentioned parameters have met the criteria of KFDA guidelines for bioequivalence, indicating that the test drug tablet (Sinil CIMETIDINE tablet) is bioequivalent to Tagamet 400 mg tablet.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.86-94
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing empathy with the elderly in student nurses and to provide the basic data on nursing education to improve empathy. Data were collected from 277 student nurses in B and C cities and analyzed by the t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression using SPSS WIN 20.0. The degree of empathy with the elderly in the student nurses was $214.66{\pm}22.72$. There were positive correlations between empathy and attitude of the elderly (r=.224, p<.001) and between empathy and facilitative communication (r=.346, p<.001), and these factors explained 15.4% of the empathy with the elderly. These results indicated that it is necessary to develop a nursing education program and curriculum for increasing empathy in student nurses.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.58-67
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• 2013

Objective : Allergic rhinitis(AR) is an inflammation or irritaion of nasal mucosa. Usually, serum cytokine is regarded as one of the most important factors in AR. Coisis semen have been used for the diseases in digestive organs in traditional chinese medicine. Nowaday, there were some studies reported about the effects of coisis semens on serum cytokine. However the results of theses studies were varies, and moreover there was no study which have used AR animal model. Therefore this study is aimed to determine therapeutic effects of coisis semen extract by observing changes of serum cytokine(IgE, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-13) with AR animal model. Methods : Thirty BALB/c mice were divided into six groups : Normal group, Control group, sample I, sample II, sample III, sample IV. Except for Normal group, all the mice in other 5 groups were sensitized intraperionealy by 0.1% ovalbumin solution three times at intervals of one week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1% ovalbumin solution three times at intervals of two days. Normal group were used Normal Saline instead of ovalbumin solution. After the first day of study, sample I, sample II, sample III, and sample IV were orally administrated coisis semen extract by 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 1g/kg respectively for 28days. Then, the changes of serum IgE, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-13 were observed in 6 groups. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA, post hoc by duncun, and Kruskal-Wallis test(p<0.05) Results : There were statistical changes in IgE and TNF-${\alpha}$. But, there were no statistical changes in IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-13 and IFN-${\gamma}$. Conclusions : According to above results, it is supposed that coisis semen extract has not some significant effects on cytokine of AR animal model. There was no evidence for using coisis semen in relieving symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.299-308
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• 2000

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microleakage of 5 curing methods in class V composite restorations which are composed of two-step light curing, pulse-delay cure, low curing-light intensity, moderate curing-light intensity and high curing-light intensity. In this study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human upper or lower molars on cementum margin. Single Bond adhesive and Z-100 shade A2 were applied for each group following the manufacture's instruction. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 samples (20 surfaces) each. Group 1: two-step light curing; Group 2: pulse-delay cure; Group 3: low curing-light intensity; Group 4: moderate curing-light intensity; Group 5: high curing-light intensity. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 60 teeth were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen was then observed with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}20$. The composite resin/tooth interfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA and Dunn's Method. The results of this study were as follows. 1. In all groups, the leakage values seen at the enamel margin were significantly lower than those seen at the dentin margin(P<0.05). 2. No group in this study showed significant differences in leakage values at both the enamel and the dentin margins(P<0.05). 3. In all groups, the gaps seen at the enamel margin were significantly lower than those seen at the dentin margin(P<0.05). 4. The gaps in this study showed significant differences and two-step light-curing and low curing-light intensity produced significant less gap than high curing-light intensity(P<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-74
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• 2010

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a chronic recurrent skin disease which usually developed in infancy or childhood. AD often repeat improvement and relapse. The cause of AD is so indefinite that many methods of therapies(moisturizer, steroid ointment, antihistamine, immunomodulator, immunosuppressant, herbal medicine, alternative medicine, etc.) are tried. Recently, a lot of studies were made. But there is no report about the effect of Samulsopungeum(SM) and Prednisolone(PN) on AD. So, author aimed to investigate the effects of SM and PN on AD of NC/Nga mice. Methods : Thirty two mice(8 Balb/c mice and 24 NC.Nga mice) were divided into four groups; Balb/c mice was normal group. NC/Nga mice were divide into three group : control, PN, SM group. AD was induced in the control, PN, SM group by spreading DNCB. Then normal saline, PN and SM were orally administered three times in a week for 8 weeks to the control, PN, SM group, respectively. We observed changes of clinical skin severity score, serum IgE, IgG1, IFN-$\gamma$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and so on. We used one-way ANOVA test statistically(p<0.01). Results : The clinical skin severity scores of PN group and SM group in 8th week were decreased compared to the control group. Serum IgE, IgGl levels of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum IFN-$\gamma$ in SM group was significantly increased compared to the control group. But, Serum IFN-$\gamma$ in PN group was significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum IL-10 levels of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 levels of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. mRNA expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in the dorsal skin tissues of PN group and SM group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. According to biopsy reports of the ear and skin tissues showed that the tissue damage of PN group and SM group were highly reduced compared to the control group. Creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST levels of PN group and SM group were normal. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is considered that SM is effective treatment for the AD.