• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.107-110
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• 2013

Recently, Korea parliament legislated the Low Carbon Green Growth Act (April, 2012) and approved a bill (May, 2012) to start carbon emission trading system in 2015. It means that for the first time, government would regulate the amounts of carbon emission in private entities, and private entities should attain predefined emission reduction goals by implementing clean development mechanism (CDM) project or buy the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from the trading market to avoid penalty. Under these circumstances, it is not easy for them to determine when or how to implement the CDM project because the governmental energy policies about the level of governmental subsidies, periods for free emission allocation, etc. are still under discussion and the future price of the CERs is quite uncertain. Thus, this study presents a real-option based model to assess the financial viability of the CDM project which switches bunker-C oil to liquefied natural gas (LNG). The proposed model is expected to assist private entities in establishing the investment strategy for CDM project under uncertain government energy policies.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.317-330
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• 2004

The Purpose of this study was to develop the P $M_{2.5}$ source Profiles, which are mass abundances (fraction of total mass) of a chemical species in P $M_{2.5}$ source emissions. The source categories studied were soil, road dust, gasoline and diesel vehicles, industrial source, municipal incinerator, coal-fired power plant, biomass burning, and marine. The chemicals analyzed were ions. elements. and carbons. From this study, soil source had the crustal components such as Si, hi, and Fe. In the case of road dust. Si, OC, Ca, Fe had large abundances. The abundant species were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $H_4$$^{+}$, and EC in the gasoline vehicle and EC, OC, C $l^{[-10]}$ , and S $O_4$$^{2-}$ in the diesel vehicle. The main components were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, S N $H_4$$^{+}$, and EC in the industrial source using bunker C oil as fuel, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $H_4$$^{+}$, Fe, and OC in the municipal incinerator source, and Si, Al, S $O_4$$^{2-}$, and OC in the coal -fired power plant source. In the case of biomass burning, OC, EC, and C $l^{[-10]}$ were mainly emitted. The main components in marine were C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $a^{+}$, and S $O_4$$^{2-}$.EX> 2-/.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.82-87
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• 2017

Recent trends in shipbuilding and offshore industries are a huge increase in the ship size and the exploration and production of oil and natural gas in the arctic offshore region. High performance steel plates are required by these industrial trends. Also in IMO(International Maritime Organization) has begun to regulate of fuel of ship to environmental protection, therefore it is little bit difficult to use bunker-C oil to working ship. As the problem of environmental change such as global warming is emerged, the operation of the ship is considered to be involved in the environmental change problem, and the regulation of environmental pollution is gradually strengthened. As these environmental regulations are strengthened demand for LNG fuel ships is rapidly increasing. Currently, cryogenic steels used in LNG tanks include aluminum alloy, SUS 304, and 9%-Ni steel. Those steels are has high cost to construction of large LNG carrier. The new materials were suggested several steel mills to decrease construction cost and easy construction. The new cryogenic steel should be evaluate safety to applied real structure include LNG ship. Therefore, in this study, fracture toughness of weld joints were investigated with cryogenic steel for application of LNG tank.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.971-977
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• 2002

The isolated strain, Rhodococcus sp. EL-GT was able to degrade high phenol concentrations up to 10 mM within 24 hours in the medium consisting of 5.3 mM $KH_2PO_4$. 95 mM $Na_2HPO_4$, 18mM $NH_4NO_3$, 1 mM $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$,\;50{\mu}M CaCl_2$,\;0.5 {\mu}M FeCl_3$, initial pH 8.0, temperature $30^{\circ}C$ in rotary shaker at 200 rpm. This strain was good cell growth and phenol degradation in the alkaline pH range range, and the highest in the pH range of 7 to 9. The microorganism was able to grow at the various chlorinated phenols, benzene, toluene, and bunker-C oil. As Rhodococcus sp. EL-GT was good capable of attachment on the acryl media, it would be used as microorganism to consist of biofilm in wastewater treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 1989

The heavy metal of suspended particulates with human health has long been studied in environmental interest concerned. This study was intended to identify harmful heavy metals of the ambient air borne dusts which were related with the respirable sizes in the aerodynamics. Two sampling sites were selected comparatively; one was in the Shinchon area, which is the commercial district with heavy traffic and the other site was in the Bulgwang area which is residential area. The supended particulates were sampled by high volume air sample with 6 cascade impactor stages. The heavy metals in terms of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn were determined by stomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The samples weretaken bimothly for seven consecutive days from May 1987 to March 1988. The annual average concentration of the respirable suspended dust of which diameter is less than 10$\mum$ was 152.59 $\mug/m^3$ of the Shinchon air samples; the respirable dust was equivalent to approximately 85% of the total suspended particulates. The annual average concentration of the respirable suspended dust of the Bulgwang air samples was 112.56 $\mug/m^3$; that was approximately 86% of the total suspended particulates. The concentration of heavy metals was investigated in relation to the particle size. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Mn and V were tended to be much more in the coarse particles than in the fine particles. Cd and Pb in the fine particles were more than in the coarse particles. In the partial correlation coefficients; in the Shinchon area, high correlations among Fe, Se and Mn were determined; it is assumed that those sources would be originated from coal, gasolineand diesel. In Bulgwang area, would be high correlation among Fe, Se, Hg and Mn considered to be originated from coal, Bunker-C and heavy oil as well. From the above results, the hazardous heavy merals in air should be measured and controlled in originally their sources.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.267-282
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• 2012

In this study, RPS system, one of the renewable energy support systems, is utilized for economic analysis of solar generation equipment and the fuel cost savings plan for controlled horticulture farms with high fuel-cost dependency and facility applicability were evaluated. On the exterior of the upper layer of glass greenhouse (9917$m^2$) of controlled horticulture farms using bunker C oil, half of the area (4958$m^2$) was utilized for theoretical installation and operation of 450kW-level solar power generator, and as the result, first, the effect of investment cost only of solar generation system was found to be quite excellent, but it was analyzed that there were limits to saving the fuel costs of the controlled horticulture farms. Second, when geothermal system was first introduced in the farm and solar system was additionally introduced, it was analyzed that the effect of introducing solar system was excellent. In order to apply such effects to the sites of farming, partial supplementation of RPS system which is being uniformly applied regardless of the purpose of renewable energy is necessary. When the subject of use directly install facilities where it is directly connected to national added-value such as food security created by the farming industry, it is necessary to introduce appropriate system that corresponds to such. Moreover, it was studied that the quick development of demonstrative complex that can practically evaluate the applicability of renewable energy in farming industry and interest and preparation of related institutions in financial support structure for its site application would lead to success.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.87-94
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• 2021

The IMO has adopted emission standards that strictly restrict the use of bunker C oil for vessels. Accordingly, research and bunkering pilot projects for LNG fueled ships are being actively carried out, which is expected to substantially reduce environmental pollution. In this study, we have adopted the turret moored Floating LNG Bunkering Terminal (FLBT) designed to receive the LNG from LNGCs and to transfer LNG to LNG bunkering shuttles in ship to ship moored condition. Numerical simulations have been performed with a 1-year return period of wind, wave, and current. Damping values of numerical model were adjusted from the results of model tests to obtain accurate simulation results. The results confirm safe berthing operation during the 1-year return period of environmental condition. Safety depends on the direction of environment, with increasingly stable operation facilitated by the application of heading-control function of FLBT to avoid beam-sea conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.493-501
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• 1993

As the dispersants and the dispersant/oil mixtures are degraded naturally by the microorganisms in the seawater, the consumption of dissolved oxygen may cause marine organisms to be damaged especially in the waters where the dissolved oxygen level is low due to the pollution and the restriction of seawater flow. The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for three dispersants(SG, GL and WC) and a nonionic surfactant(OA-5) were conducted for the purposes of evaluating the biodegradability of dispersants and studying the effect of dispersants on dissolved oxygen in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersants to be equivalent to $0.403{\sim}0.595mg$ of $BOD_5$ and to $0.703{\sim}0.855mg$ of $BOD_{20}$, and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be equivalent to 0.50mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.97mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed 1mg of dispersants to be $2.37{\sim}2.80mg$ of TOD and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be 2.45mg of TOD. The results of element analysis showed carbon content and hydrogen content to be $67.6{\sim}76.5\%$ and $10.2{\sim}12.2\%$ for dispersants, and $65.3\%$ and $10.3\%$ for nonionic surfactant, respectively. No nitrogen element was detected in dispersants and a nonionic surfactant. The biodegradability of dispersants shown as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be in the range of $17{\sim}21\%$, and that of nonionic surfactant was found to be about $20\%$. This means that dispersants and nonionic surfactant belong in the organic matter group of middle-biodegradabilily. The deoxygenation rates($K_1$) and ultimate oxygen demands($L_o$) obtained through the biodegration experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be $0.121{\sim}0.171/day$ and $3.155{\sim}3.810mg/l$ for 4mg/l of dispersants and to be 0.181/day and 1.911mg/l for 2mg/l of nonionic surfactant in the seawater, respectively.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.439-446
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• 2020

The IMO has adopted emission standards through Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) that strictly prohibit the use of bunker C oil for vessels. In this study, we have adopted the turret-moored Floating LNG-Bunkering Terminal (FLBT) which is designed to receive the LNG from LNGCs and transfer it to LNG-bunkering shuttles in side-by-side moored condition. Numerical analyses were carried out using the high-order boundary-element method for four vessels at various relative distances. Mean wave drift forces were compared in an operational sea state. A model test was performed in the ocean engineering basin at the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO) to verify the safety of the berthing/unberthing operation. In the model test, a jig was designed to simulate tug boats pushing or pulling the bunkering vessels, so that the friction force of the g operation was not affected. Safety depended on the environmental direction, with more stable operation possible if the heading-control function of FLBT is applied to avoid beam-sea conditions.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.17-30
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• 2020

In the shipping industry, it is essential to engage in the preemptive prediction of freight rate volatility through market monitoring. Considering that freight rates have already started to fall, the loss of shipping companies will soon be uncontrollable. Therefore, in this study, factors affecting the freight rates of bulk carriers, which have relatively large freight rate volatility as compared to container freight rates, were quantified and analyzed. In doing so, we intended to contribute to future shipping market monitoring. We performed an analysis using a vector error correction model and estimated the influence of six independent variables on the charter rates of bulk carriers by Handy Size, Supramax, Panamax, and Cape Size. The six independent variables included the bulk carrier fleet volume, iron ore traffic volume, ribo interest rate, bunker oil price, and Euro-Dollar exchange rate. The dependent variables were handy size (32,000 DWT) spot charter rates, Supramax 6 T/C average charter rates, Pana Max (75,000 DWT) spot charter, and Cape Size (170,000 DWT) spot charter. The study examined charter rates by size of bulk carriers, which was different from studies on existing specific types of ships or fares in oil tankers and chemical carriers other than bulk carriers. Findings revealed that influencing factors differed for each ship size. The Libo interest rate had a significant effect on all four ship types, and the iron ore traffic volume had a significant effect on three ship types. The Ribo rate showed a negative (-) relationship with Handy Size, Supramax, Panamax, and Cape Size. Iron ore traffic influenced three types of linearity, except for Panamax. The size of shipping companies differed depending on their characteristics. These findings are expected to contribute to the establishment of a management strategy for shipping companies by analyzing the factors influencing changes in the freight rates of charterers, which have a profound effect on the management performance of shipping companies.