• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.9-12
• /
• 2011

This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of fertility-associated antigen (FAA) in semen would influence semen characteristics and conception rate of artificial insemination in Hanwoo. The response to FAA of 36 heads of proven bull, 7 heads of young bull, and 27 heads of performance-tested bull was that one proven bull was FAA-negative and the others were FAA-positive, therefore FAA-negative bull was 1.4%. FAA-negative bull was lower in first and second semen concentrations than those of FAA-positive bull in 5,301 semen of 21 heads of proven bull, then FAA-negative bull was fewer as 11.5% in total sperm counts. The estrus of 22 heads was 70d-nonreturned in 36 cows first inseminated with frozen semen of FAA-negative bull, but that of 249 heads in 378 cows first inseminated with frozen semen of FAA-positive bull. Each conception rate was 61.1% and 65.9%, respectively. The difference of conception rates was 4.8%. These results indicate that the response of FAA to semen were influenced semen characteristics and conception rate of artificial insemination, but further investigations are needed to confirm the results.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.253-257
• /
• 2015

Bull-boxing in South Korea is a form of competitions in which bulls measure their strength with each other in the form of pushing by putting their heads together. Bull-boxing has been admitted after being designated as a play culture by the government because it does not cause great injuries to animals' bodies and has strong positive aspects such as contributing to livestock farmers' leisure activities, encouragement of animal husbandry, and communities' economic development. However, bull-boxing sometimes causes damage to the head and horns due to the heavy bodies. According to the results of examinations of these damage cases, damage that caused irregular shapes of the base of horns was identified in 31.5% of fighting bulls. The damage to horns is thought to have been caused by the great forces of fighting bulls repeatedly imposed to each other's horns during bull-boxing that caused minute fractures leading to damage to the blood vessels inside the horns resulting in the blocking of delivery of nutrients to the horns causing the deformation of the horns into abnormal shapes. Since bulls' bodies are injured during bull-boxing although the injuries are small as bull-boxing is mainly conducted by pushing, animal protection groups regard bull-boxing as cruelty to animals and request to stop bull-boxing. The present study aims to develop animal welfare type headgears that can protect bulls' horns and heads in order to protect fighting bulls during bull-boxing in terms of animal protection and welfare.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 2010

The conception rate of cow is a major factor in farm management. The environment of farm and management of cow are the best influencing factors on conception rate, and the fertility of bull is the second influencing factor. In Hanwoo bull, however, the informations limited to performance and carcass traits have been offered to Hanwoo farmer. Therefore, this study analysed the estimated relative conception rates (ERCR) for estimation of fertility of bulls, using the 8,892 mating data with 116 heads of prove bull to produce progeny. Mean of least square means of conception rate after first insemination was 50.95% in bull herds. On the standard of this mean, ERCRs after first insemination of each bull were analysed. Values ranged from -26.1% to +21.0%, the difference was 47.1%. Among 116 heads of bull analysed, KPN582 showed the highest ERCR as 21.0%, KPN550 (18.3%), KPN656 (16.7%), KPN632 (15.8%), KPN690 (14.9%) were gone behind, but KPN621 was the lowest as -26.1%, KPN680 (-21.3%), KPN674 (-16.2%), KPN569 (-15.9%), KPN699 (-14.9%) were succeeded. If ERCRs of Hanwoo bull will be offered to Hanwoo farmer, it will be worthwhile.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2000

This study was undertaken in an effort to select the sire bull in Hanwoo through in vitro fertilization of proven bull semen. It was used for in vitro fertilization that of the 20 proven bull semen with follicular oocytes derived from slaughterhouse ovaries of Hanwoo. The stage of maturation on the time course of bovine cumulus-enclosed oocytes incubated for 24 hours was found the highest(96.4%) than hose of other maturationi time. In vitro fertilization rate of bovine oocytes with proven bull sperm showed from 61.5 to 88.9%. Polyspermy of in vitro fertilized oocytes according to proven bulls were the highest KP 491(61.5%) nothing but KP 486, KP 491 and KP 497.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.371-398
• /
• 2006

Gold prices are rising around the world in all major currencies. This is a telltale sign of a Stage Two gold bull where gold decouples from the US dollar. In this study, We analysed a confluence of factors seem to be feeding gold's gains and the typical shape of a secular gold bull---gold bulls' three stages. Stages one, two, and three of a secular gold bull are defined by the major changes. Each stage, considered in turn, makes perfect sense when described in terms of global investor demand. Since Stage One is currency-devaluation driven, the young gold bull is most noticeable in terms of the dominant eroding currency. Now after three or four years of stage one, Stage Two arrives. Stage Two marks a momentous event when gold decouples from the local-currency devaluation. In the case of our gold bull today, Stage Two will be here when gold starts consistently rising faster than the dollar is able to fall. After five or so years of Stage Two gains, gold has a chance at going ballistic in stage three. Stage Three is only ignited if the general public around the world starts growing enamored with gold investing. In summary, the first stage being when insiders and professionals invest in the market. The second stage is when the general public and financial media recognizes that the bull market is real. The third stage is the mania stage when people feel that not only is the bull market real, but it is a must own situation. Through the study we found that gold is entering it now.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 1986

This experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of HIS treatment on the motility and acrosome reaction of frozen bovine spermatozoa and to test their abilities to interact with zona-free hamster eggs in vitro. Also, in vitro results were compared with those of bull's fertility in AI. The frozen semen from four Holstein bulls were exposed to HIS-DM for 5 minutes after thawing and then preincubated for 60 minutes in DM prior to insemination. The hamster eggs were mounted, fixed and stained 6 hours after exposure to boving spermatozoa and examined under a phase-contrast microscope. 1. The sperm motility expressed as a mobility index dro, pp.d significantly from 60-75 to 12-24 after exposure to HIS-DM, but increased in 32 to 41 at insemination. Bull C showed a low motility index than those of the orher bulls. The percentage of acrosome reaction by staining procedure were increased by HIS-DM treatment but did not change during 7 hours incubation period in DM. 2. The overall percentage of hamster eggs interacting with bull spermatozoa was 56.3%, 58.3%, 66.6% and 70.0%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference among bulls in the penetration rate of spermatozoa into hamster eggs, high proportions of eggs interacted with spermatozoa from Bull C and D than those from Bull A and B. 3. The conception rates (60-90 day RP) resulting from AI were 62.5%, 67.5% and 70.9% for Bull A, B and C, respectively. These results were in good agreement with the invitro results that the proportions of bull sperm-egg interction were greater for Bull C than for Bull A and B.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.491-498
• /
• 2011

During mammalian fertilization, germ cell-specific hyaluronidases, such as sperm adhesion molecule 1 (SPAM1) and hyaluronoglucosaminidase 5 (Hyal5), are important for the dispersal of the cumulus mass. In this study, we demonstrated that bull Hyal5 is a single copy gene on chromosome 4 that is expressed specifically in the testis. In addition, we expressed recombinant bull SPAM1 and Hyal5 in human embryonic kidney 293T cells and showed that these enzymes possessed hyaluronidase activity. We also demonstrated that a polyclonal antibody against bull sperm hyaluronidase inhibits sperm-egg interactions in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) assay. Our results suggested that bull Hyal5 may have a critical role in bull fertilization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2001

Effect of the north (N) or south pole (S) of a magnet and dithiothreitol (DTT) or heparin sodium (H) on the orientation of bull sperm were studied. Sperm were collected from four Japanese Black bulls of Okinawa Prefectural Livestock Experimental Station were treated with various concentrations of DTT or H during the first and sixth days and were then exposed them to N or S with a magnetic field of 3,000 Gauss for 24 hours. Experimental results showed that both N and S significantly increased the perpendicular oriented percentage of bull sperm in most treatments not treated or treated with DTT or H. Anisotropy of magnetic field of bull sperm was the main cause which induced them to orient perpendicular to the magnetic direction. The results of the experiment also showed that, in most cases, the two polarities had the same effect on the orientation of bull sperm. However, in some cases, N exerted a stronger effect on the perpendicular percentage of bull sperm than S, such as with the 20 mM DTT treatment at the first and sixth days and the 100 units H treatment at the sixth day. These cases showed that the perpendicular oriented percentage of bull sperm at N was significantly higher than that of S. It was only the 100 units heparin treatment at S both at the first and sixth days that upward perpendicular orientation was higher than that at N. This might be due to the fact that protamin-DNA structure of a small number of bull sperm nuclei slightly changed because of heparin action.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.399-406
• /
• 1997

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of zeranol injection on dry matter(DM) and nutrient intake requirement by growth stage of early castrated bull with 3 treatments(bul1, steer, steer+zeranol) with 28 Holstein bull at National Livestock Research Institute. The main results were as follows: DM intake at growing and fatting stage was the highest in steer groups, that the highest in bull groups at finishing stage and overall mean DM intake was 5% lower at steer+zeranol groups compared to bull and steer, respectively. Net energy intake at finishing stage was the highest as 35.49 Mcal at bull groups, while overall mean net energy intake was 101 - 109% of NRC requirement without significant difference. Concentrate intake to body weight was 1.68- 1.82, 1.91 -2.08 and 1.81 -2.05% at growing, fatting and finishing stage, respectively. Overall mean concentrate intake to body weight at steer groups was 1.94%, which is 1.8 and 1.81% higher compared to bull and steer+zeranol groups, respectively. Feed conversion ratio(DM) during overall period was the worst at steer groups as 9.321g, and also net energy conversion ratio was similar to DM conversion ratio.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 1978

Some 50 fungi were collected and identified at Youngu and Mt. Sobaek from April to October in 1977. The results have shown that, following ten species are new to Korean list. Collybia dryophila (BULL. ex FR.), QUEL., Mycena polygramma (BULL. ex FR.) S.F. GRAY., M. pura (PERS. ex FR.) QUEL., Crepidotus nephrodes (BERK. et CURT.) SACC., lnocybe montana KOBAY., I. squamulosa KOBAY., Rhodophllus ater HONGO, R. violaceus (MURR.) SING., Leccinum aurantiacum (BULL.) S.F. GRAY., and Suillus aeruginascens (SECR.) SNELL. The authors wish to express our thanks to Asan Foundation for the financial support for a part of this research project.