• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2014

Ecklonia cava is a common edible brown algae that is plentiful in Jeju Island of Republic of Korea. Polyphenols from E. cava have strong anti-inflammatory activity. However, a large number of the by-products from E. cava processing are discarded. In the present study, to utilize these by-products, we assessed the anti-inflammatory activity of the polyphenol-rich fraction (PRF) from E. cava processing by-product (EPB) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Four compounds, namely eckol, eckstolonol, dieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A, were isolated and identified from PRF. We found that PRF suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the LPS-induced cells. Furthermore, the protective effect of PRF was investigated in vivo in LPS-stimulated inflammation zebrafish model. PRF had a protective effect against LPS-stimulated toxicity in zebrafish embryos. In addition, PRF inhibited LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species and NO generation. According to the results, PRF isolated from EPB could be used as a beneficial anti-inflammatory agent, instead of discard.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2009

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Phellinus linteus (PL) and Phellinus linteus Grow in Germinated Brown Rice (BRPL). In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the extracts' inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines activated with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effects of the PL and BRPL extracts on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. NO production and iNOS expression was significantly augmented in LPS treated cell, the production of NO and iNOS was greater in the BRPL than in the PL group. In addition, protein and mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in BRPL showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory-activity inhibition compared to that of PL. These results suggest that BRPL may have significant effects on inflammatory factors, and may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.197-206
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• 2021

Marine brown seaweeds are a source of functional ingredients with various biological properties. They have been used in the food and functional food industries. Brown seaweeds are divided into three parts of blades, stipe, and root. Normally seaweed blades were used as raw materials for biological research. However, there are limited uses on stipes of Ecklonia maxima (E. maxima) depending on the physicochemical, nutritional, and biological properties. Besides, the comparative studies of two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe didn't discover previously. This study aimed to compare the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe in vitro studies to increase the utilization of the two structures of E. maxima. The enzyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, celluclast-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima blades (EMBC) and viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima stipe (EMSV) expressed significant protection on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, EMBC and EMSV treatment remarkably reduced nitric oxide production by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Especially EMBC showed strong inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to EMSV. Taken together research findings suggest that EMBC and EMSV possessed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may be utilized as functional ingredients in the food and functional food sectors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.946-951
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of blood meal (BM) as a source of histidine, and magnesium oxide (MgO) as a catalyst of carnosine synthetase, on carnosine (L-Car) content in the chicken breast muscle (CBM), laying performance, and egg quality of spent old hens. Four hundred eighty laying hens (Hy-Line$^{(R)}$ Brown), 95wk old, were allotted randomly into five replicates of six dietary treatments: T1; 100% basal diet, T2; 100% basal diet+MgO, T3; 97.5% basal diet+2.5% BM, T4; 97.5% basal diet+2.5% BM+MgO, T5; 95% basal diet+5% BM, T6; 95% basal diet+5% BM+MgO. Magnesium oxide was added at 0.3% of diets. The layers were fed experimental diets for 5wk. There were no significant differences in the weekly L-Car content in CBM among all treatments during the total experimental period, but some of the contrast comparisions showed higher L-Car in CBM of T6. The L-Car contents linearly decreased (p<0.01 or p<0.05) as the layers got older except in T4 (p>0.05). There were significant differences in egg weight (p<0.01) and soft and broken egg ratio (p<0.05). The control (T1) was highest in egg weight and T6 was lowest in soft and broken egg ratio. Among the parameters of egg quality, there were significant differences in eggshell strength (p<0.01) and egg yolk color (p<0.05). Magnesium oxide supplementation increased the eggshell strength and BM tended to decrease egg yolk color. Eggshell color, eggshell thickness, and Haugh unit were not influenced by BM and MgO. In conclusion, BM and MgO did not significantly influence the L-Car in CBM of spent layers. The L-Car content rapidly decreased as the layers became senescent. Eggshell strength was increased by MgO supplementation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

Fucoidan, that is high-molecular-weight sulfated polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds has been shown to elicit various biological activities. Here, we investigated the effects of fucoidan on cell proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production in neuronal blastoma cell (SH-SY5Y). In the present study, we demonstrated that fucoidan treatment resulted in increase of cell proliferation and NO production. When cells were treated with amyloid-${\beta}$ (A${\beta}$) in the absence or presence of fucoidan, fucoidan recovered the cell viability decreased by A${\beta}$ peptides. To further determine whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in proliferative effect of fucoidan, cells were treated with NOS inhibitors in the absence or presence of fucoidan. Selective constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), caused a decrease of cell viability, whereas cell viability was increased by specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, S-methylisothiourea (SMT), in the fucoidan-untreated cells. Treatment with fucoidan inhibited the cell viability decreased in DPI-exposed cells. In contrast, fucoidan had no effect on cell growth in SMT-treated cells, indicating that cNOS may not play a role in the proliferation of fucoidan-treated cells. The present data suggest that fucoidan has proliferative and neuroprotective effects and these effects may be associated with iNOS.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 1975

The formation of iron oxide hydroxide in a ferrous sulfate was studied in different contents of iron in the solution at a temperature range of 90 to $100^{\circ}C$ under 1${\sim}$3 atmospheres. The Mohr's salt thus formed was hydrolyzed under 1 to 3 atmospheres, in 14 to 72 g/l of iron content in the solution pH 3 or 6 for two hours at 90 to $100^{\circ}C$. The results obtained was as follows; 1) In Mohr's salt solution, as the iron content was increased, with decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ion, the yield of iron oxide hydroxide was gradually increased. 2) When iron content in Mohr's salt solution was 42.81 g/l, 91.5% of iron was recovered in the form of $\alpha$-goethite similar to yellow grade of natural goethite. 3) When $\alpha$-goethite obtained was calcined of $500^{\circ}C$, it was turned into ${\alpha}$-ferric oxide with a redish brown colour.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.273-285
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• 2019

This study is aimed to interpret the raw material characteristics and manufacturing technology through physical, mineral and geochemical analysis of the brown-glazed stonewares and roof tiles excavated from the Hong Nang Sida temple in Laos, which was built in the 12th century. The glaze of brown-glazed stoneware is a typical lime serial with CaO content of more than 15 % and they were vitrified. The body is the combination of quartz, mullite and cristobalite, but had not vitrified texture, and therefore, which is assumed to have been fired more than 950 ℃. Meanwhile, The roof tiles are unglazed and its outer color is reddish brown, whitish grey and bluish grey. The bluish gray tiles has sandwich structure, which seem to experience imperfect reducing environment. The tile samples with a number of amorphous iron oxide nodule had a very similar chemical composition. In conclusion, it is assumed that the clay source was made from raw material produced from the same bedrock. The firing temperature of roof tiles were divided into less than 900 ℃, 900~950 ℃ and greater than 950 ℃ according to detection of micas, hercynite and mullite.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.929-939
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• 2007

Red mud is a waste generated by the aluminium industry, and its disposal is a major problem for this industry. Red mud has a reddish-brown color and superfine particle characteristics. So, it can be a promising pigment admixture for concrete industry. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the potential use of red mud in color concrete. The micro structures of red mud and iron oxide pigment such as porosity, pore size distribution, diameter of particle were analyzed with the aid of SEM, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and the infrared absorbance. Tests on physical properties of color concrete, such as strength, slump, early shrinkage crack patterns, and color characteristics were carried out and the results were reported in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2016

The ac magnetic susceptibility was measured in iron-oxide nanoparticles with average size of 26 nm, which were uniformly dispersed in organic solvent. The ac magnetic susceptibility measured under zero magnetic fields was well fitted with Debye relaxation model and the relaxation frequency was 370 Hz. The relaxation frequency of the nanoparticles coincided with relaxation time of the Brownian motion, which is due to the viscosity of the liquid medium in which magnetic nanoparticles dwell. The Brown relaxation frequencies were linearly increased with magnetic field.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.511-514
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• 2000

This work aimed to develop ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) thin films ablation with a KrF Eximer laser required for the application in flat panel display, especially patterning into small geometry on a large substrate area. The threshold fluence for ablating ITO on glass substrate is about 0.1 J/cm$^2$. And its value is much smaller than using third harmonic Nd:YAG laser. Through the optical microscope measurement the surface color of the damaged ITO is changed into dark brown and irradiated spot is completely isolated form the undamaged surroundings by laser light. The XPS analysis showed that the relative surface concentration of Sn and In were essentially unchanged (In :Sn=5:1) after irradiating Eximer laser. Using aluminium mask made by second harmonic Nd:YAG laser the ITO patterning is carried out.