• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1047-1052
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• 2001

The pigment content in meju fermented by a Monascus species with different materials was studied. The relations between growth of M. pilosus and pigment production were positive and the correlation coefficient associated with this relationship was determined to be : r = 0.9879. Pigments produced by M. purpureus and M. pilosus were composed of 9 and 8 bands, respectively. One kind of them was yellowish, whereas the others were reddish. Total pigment levels in rice meju fermented by M. purpureus and M. pilosus were 335.25 and 1428.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively. Pigment levels in the mejus fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ showed higher than those at 20 and 4$0^{\circ}C$. The order of pigment content in meju was polished rice > germinated brown rice > wheat > brown rice > waxy brown rice > germinated waxy brown rice. Pigment production by M. pilosus was higher than that of M. purpureus. Pigment content in rice meju prepared by adding 10% seed culture was highest, and pigment content of granulated rice was higher than that of powdered rice. Pigment production was not desirable in soybean meju fermented by seed culture, whereas the pigment levels in meju by adding 10% powdered rice and 10% powdered rice seed meju increased by 23.0 ~75.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1503-1510
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate antioxidant substances (phenolic compounds and brown pigment), antioxidative effect and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of solvent extracts (hexane: HE, methanol; ME, water: WE) from fermented soybean foods, Chungkukjang and Doenjang. The antioxidant activities were determined by the measurements of peroxide value (POV) on the linoleic acid system, electron donating ability (EDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The contents of phenolic compounds and total brown pigments in Doenjang were $28.5{\pm}0.3mg/100g$ and optical density (OD) $1.98{\pm}0.03$, respectively, whereas their contents in Chungkukjang were significantly lower with $5.8{\pm}0.3mg/100g$ and OD $0.95{\pm}0.02$. The brown pigment contents of hydrophilic extracts increased more than that of lipophilic extracts through the fermentation and ripening processes. The ME of Doenjang exhibited higher inhibitory effects against the peroxidation of a linoleic acid system than that of Chungkukjang. The EDA and NSA of MEs were higher than those of WEs. Among the MEs, Doenjang showed the highest levels of EDA and NSA. On the other hand, the SOD-like activities of WE were higher than those of ME at the same concentrations and their activities of Doenjang were significantly higher than that of Chungkukjang. In conclusion, the antioxidative effects and NSA of Doenjang was significantly higher than those of Chungkukjang. It seemed that phenolic compounds and brown pigments formed during fermentation and ripening partly affect the antioxidative activities of fermented soybean foods.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2009

Three Loxodes ciliates collected from estuarine littoral, wetland and small pond in Korea, were identified as Loxodes kahli Dragesco and Njin$acute{e}$, 1971, L. magnus Stokes, 1887 and L. vorax Stokes, 1885. The descriptions for these species based on living and protargol impregnated specimens were given. Morphometry, illustrations and microphotographs were also provided. Diagnoses of three species are as follows. Loxodes kahli; size in vivo $160-300{\times}40-70\;{\mu}m$; oral area with reddish to brownish pigments; 6-11 macronuclei arranged linearly; 5-9 micronuclei located near macronuclei; 4-12 M$\ddot{u}$ller's vesicles; somatic kineties on right 18-20 and left 2 in number. L. magnus: size in vivo $250-470{\times}87-15\;{\mu}m$; body colored dark brown; 5-13 macronuclei; 8-13 micronuclei; 8-18 M$\ddot{u}$ller's vesicles; somatic kineties on right 23-26 and left 2 in number. L. vorax: size in vivo $70-160{\times}20-35\;{\mu}m$; oral area with brownish pigments; 2 macronuclei; 1 micronucleus located between macronuclei; 2-4 M$\ddot{u}$ller's vesicles; somatic kineties on right 18-20 and left 2 in number.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.368-375
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• 2018

This study deals with the color formation of ceramic pigment in the $TiO_2$-SnO-ZnO system. We designed compounds to control the color formation depending on the composition using the Design of Experiment. The color coordinate values of synthesized pigments, $L^*a^*b^*$ were measured and statistically analyzed color for changing elements depending on its composition. The relationship between the major crystalline phases and chromaticity was examined using XRD, and the oxidation states of each element were analyzed by XPS. The synthesized pigments based on the compound design exhibited various color changes ranging from yellow-orange to green-blue and brown. The statistical analysis on the spectrophotometer results shows that $a^*$ and $b^*$ values decreased with $TiO_2$ content, and increased with SnO content. Yellow-orange color was detected with the main peak of SnO, and the green-blue color developed with the main peak of $Zn_2TiO_4$. The $a^*$ and $b^*$ values increased with increased SnO peak intensity, and decreased with increased $Zn_2TiO_4$ peak intensity. The results revealed that pigment color formation was influenced by changes in the main crystalline phases and crystalline intensity. However, XPS analysis of the oxidation states of each element showed little correlation with the pigment chromaticity result.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 2013

This manuscript reports on compared color evolution about phase transformation of ${\alpha}-FeOOH@SiO_2$ and ${\beta}-FeOOH@SiO_2$ pigments. Prepared ${\alpha}$-FeOOH and ${\beta}$-FeOOH were coated with silica for enhancing thermal properties and coloration of both samples. To study phase and color of ${\alpha}$-FeOOH and ${\beta}$-FeOOH, we prepared nano sized iron oxide hydroxide pigments which were coated with $SiO_2$ using tetraethylorthosilicate and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide as a surface modifier. The silica-coated both samples were calcined at high temperatures (300, 700 and $1000^{\circ}C$) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color parameter measurements, transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. The yellow ${\alpha}$-FeOOH and ${\beta}$-FeOOH was transformed to ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ with red, brown at 300, $700^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.109-136
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• 2022

This study analyzes the , one of the three panels of 《Welcoming Banquets for the Governor of Pyeong-an》, a documentary painting of the late Joseon Dynasty, with the aim to identify the coloring materials used in the painting. The painting was first imaged at each wavelength in order to minimize the potential problems in the process of analyzing specific parts. This study applied X-rays to identify ink, gold, and organic and inorganic pigments and used infrared rays to find ink and copper-based pigments. It also applied hyperspectral imaging to distinguish organic pigments from black, blue, and green materials. It also analyzed spots selected for each color to identify the following materials: white lead (white), ink/indigo (black), a combination of red lead and cinnabar (red), pink dye, purple dye, iron oxides (brown), orpiment/dye (yellow), malachite/malachite and yellow dye/indigo (green), azurite/white lead and indigo/indigo (blue), indigo and cochineal (violet), and gold leaf (gold). It is expected that more efficient analysis will be made possible by securing a sufficient library for each wavelength.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.485-495
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functionality and lightfastness of the natural pigments according to the type of Seokganju used as Dancheong. The commercially available red iron-oxide-based natural pigments that are called Seokganju and Daija manufactured by traditional methods in Korea and Japan were selected. The analysis of the constituent minerals and constituents of 8 kinds of collected Seokganju showed that most of them contained hematite. There are two types of Seokganju according to the $Fe_2O_3$ contents. The type of Seokganju can be characterized not only using the main component but also from the burn-out processing. The chromaticity results for Seokganju with a high $Fe_2O_3$ concentration indicate dark red or grayish brown, while those for Seokganju with a low $Fe_2O_3$ concentration indicate yellowish red or yellowish brown. Samples were prepared by mixing with a glue solution and functional properties were evaluated based on the opacity and spreadability. Coated samples were used in the lightfastness test. The spreadability and opacity of the pigments were measured differently depending on the main component. Most Seokganju samples a showed slight color change until $9,000kJ/m^2$ but rapid color changes were detected after $18,000kJ/m^2$. In particular, burnt Seokganju showed superior lightfastness.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.600-611
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• 2019

Yellow to reddish brown soil is generally referred to as hwangto and is used in various industries in Korea. Despite the fact that it is used as an inorganic pigment in dancheong, limited studies have been conducted on the properties of pigments associated with soil and on the mineralogical characteristics of hwangto. This study examines how the pedological and mineralogical features of hwangto affect pigment properties. Results indicate that reddish and yellowish soils have differences in terms of soil texture, mineral composition, oil absorption and stability under light. Reddish soil is mostly found in clay regions, whereas Ulleungdo hwangto is found in loam regions. Yellowish soil is mostly present in the clay loam to loam zones. whereas Haenam hwangto exists in the sandy clay loam zone. As a result of a mineralogical analysis, reddish soil is classified into the feldspar group and clay soil. The major minerals in the yellowish soils are similar however these soils differ in terms of clay mineral compositions. results of the characteristics of pigments prepared by the traditional method revealed that the average particle size is in the range of 10-20 ㎛, reddish soil has an average of 20 ml/100 g higher oil absorption than yellowish soil. In addition, reddish soil is more susceptible to discoloration and deterioration under light than yellowish soil. This study confirms that the soil and mineral characteristics of hwangto affect the physical properties and stability of produced pigments. These result can be used as basic data in future studies natural inorganic pigments using hwangto.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2016

We estimated pigments and painting techniques with nondestructive analysis for Yu Eonho's portrait made in the eighteenth century, then compared with 11 portraits and painting characteristics at that time. The pigments used to Yu Eon-ho's portrait include lead white, yellow dye, cinnabar, minium, and pink dye, malachite, azurite, iron oxide red and brown dye, blue and pink dye for purple. In the result compared with painted pigments of 11 portraits, iron oxide red without cinnabar was used on the face part and organic green dye only was used instead of inorganic pigments on the other side of clothing after Yu Eonho's portraits portrait. This study is show the painting techniques on the portraits in the late $18^{th}$ century. We expect to use as useful referencing data for the study on the coloring technique of a portrait in the late Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2024

A 12-year-old female small-clawed Asian otter (Anoyx cinereus) with a one-week history of anorexia, chills, and abdominal distension was found dead. Grossly, yellowish-brown turbid fluids accumulated in abdominal cavity of the otter, and yellowish thread-like fibrinous materials were found on the surface of abdominal organs. Several variable sized yellowish-white crystalloids were scattered on the medullary space of kidneys. Histologically, diffuse serositis (peritonitis) characterized by the fibrinous exudates, thickened serosal capsule and the swelling of mesothelial cells were observed in the serosa of liver, spleen, stomach, and intestine. Multifocal necrosis, hemorrhage, infiltration of macrophage, and brown pigments were presented in the liver. Isolated bacteria from ascites and fibrinous materials in abdominal visceral surface were white, smooth and convex with characteristic mousy odor on blood agar plate. These bacteria were confirmed as Pasteurella (P.) multocida type A by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Based on the gross examination, histopathologic findings and bacterial experiments, this otter was diagnosed as severe peritonitis associated with P. multocida and necrotic hepatitis.