• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.1201-1206
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• 2010

갈색 유색미의 생산증대와 소비증진을 위한 방편으로 GABA 함량이 높은 갈색 유색미차를 개발하기 위한 기초연구를 행하였다. 이를 위해 볶음온도와 시간을 달리하여 갈색 유색미를 볶은 후 색도와 GABA 함량을 측정하였고, 이들의 분쇄물을 열수로 침출한 후 갈색도, 탁도, 환원당, 가용성 고형분, 총 polyphenol, pH와 같은 이화학적 특성을 측정하였다. 또한 $170^{\circ}C$에서 10, 20, 30분간 볶은 갈색 유색미의 차의 관능적 특성을 알아보았다. 볶음온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 갈색 유색미의 L값, a값, b값의 색도는 모두 감소하였고, GABA 함량도 낮아졌다. $170^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 볶은 경우의 GABA 함량이 6.83 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았고, $220^{\circ}C$에서 11분간 볶은 경우가 가장 함량이 낮았다. 갈색유색미 차의 갈색도, 탁도, 환원당, 가용성 고형분, 총 polyphenol 함량은 갈색 유색미의 볶음온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, pH는 이와는 반대로 감소하였다. 30분간 볶아 만든 갈색 유색미 차의 색, 향, 맛, 종합적 기호도가 가장 높았는데, 이는 다른 차보다 색, 향, 맛이 가장 강하였기 때문이었다. 이에 GABA 함량도 높고 소비자의 기호도를 만족하는 차를 개발하기 위해서는 GABA 함량이 높은 10분간 볶은 갈색 유색미와 30분간 볶은 갈색 유색미를 적절히 혼합하여 제조할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.267-278
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• 2002

단백질 함유량은 유색미가루가 밀가루보다 적지만 현미가루보다는 함유량이 많았고, 지방함량과 회분함량에서는 현미와 비슷하였다. 현미가루는 유색미가루보다 peak viscosity, holding viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity에서 높았을 뿐만 아니라 setback viscosity에서도 높았지만 유색미가루는 호화점도에서 현미가루 뿐만 아니라 밀가루보다도 월등히 낮았다. 현미가루와 흑미가루는 5.3~6.4%의 총 식이섬유를 함유하였으나 수용성 식이섬유의 함량은 낮은 반면 주로 불용성 식이섬유를 함유하였다. 건조면과 조리면의 cutting force는 현미가루와 유색미가루의 혼합비율을 높이면 감소하였고 조리면의 경우에는 찰흑미가루 10%와 화성현미가루 20%를 첨가했을 때 밀가루 100%로 만든 대조군과 큰 차이가 없었다. 국수의 기능성을 높이고 기호도를 향상시키기 위하여 현미가루와 유색미가루를 10~30%를 첨가하여 관능검사를 실험한 결과 현미가루 20%와 찰흑미가루 20%를 첨가한 국수가 가장 높은 관능적 평가를 받았다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권spc1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

The edible natural pigments extracted from plant organs become steadly popular to consumer because of those physiological functions desirable for food preservation and human health in recent years. There are a number of colored rice genotypes from light brown to blackish purple via reddish brown and purple. Some researchers reported their results on extraction recipes and identification of chemical structure of the pigments from the colored rice. The pigments extracted from colored rices can be largely divided into two types of anthocyanin and tannin pigments. Anthocyanin pigments are mainly contained in purple or blackish purple rice while tannin pigments are mainly contained in brown or reddish brown rice. Some brownish purple rices showed two peaks of tannin and anthocyanin pigments simultaneously. Purple rices showed better extraction of pigments in $0.1\%$ HCl-contained $80\%$ methanol or $0.5\%$ malic-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol, while red rices revealed better extraction of pigments in $0.01\%$ citric-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol. The anthocyanin pigments are generally unstable to heat, light and acidity of solution. The pigments extracted from colored rice can be preserved stably under the dark and cool(<$5^{\circ}C$) condition and at pH $2.0\~4.0$. The anthocyanin pigments of purple rice are mainly composed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (chrysanthemin). The other pigment fractions in purple rice were identified to peonidin-3-gluco-side, malvidin-3-galactoside(uliginosin) and cyanidin-3-ramnoglucoside(keracyanin). The pericarp coloration of purple rices is controlled by three complimentary genes C (anthocyanin), A(activator) and $Pl^{w}$(purple leaf) genes, while the red rices are expressed by complimentary interaction between Rc(basic substance of pigment) and Rd(distribution of pigment) genes or C and $Pl^{w}$ genes. Recently, the antioxidation and antimutagenic activity in main component of anthocyanin pigments extracted from colored rice were identified. The natural pigments from colored rice can be useful for beverages, cakes, ice scream, cosmetic and so on.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidant characteristics and anti-adipogenic effects of colored rice and brown rice extracts in 3T3-L1 adipocyte depending on cultivar (Josaengheugchal, Heugjinmi, Hongjinju, Geongganghongmi, Seolgaeng, Milyang 320, Sindongjin, Baegjinju). Colored rice and brown rice was extracted with 100% ethanol, followed by the analysis of polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant, and anti-adipogenic activity. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content ranged from 6.86~314.08 mg GAE/g and 1.47~56.88 mg CE/g the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid content was observed in Heugjinmi cultivar. Anthocyanin composition was analyzed by HPLC, cyanidin-3-gluoside and peonidin-3-glucoside was found in black rice including Josaengheugchal and Heugjinmi. Also, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of colored rice cultivars was higher than that of brown rice cultivars, the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity also was observed in Heugjinmi (128.20 mg TE/g). The anti-adipogenic effects of colored rice and brown rice extracts on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes evaluated that extracts of Heugjinmi cultivar significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. These results provide valuable information for the use of Korean colored rice cultivar as a functional food materials relative to anti-obesity.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.600-607
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• 1996

벼 에서 유색미의 이용성을 검토하고자 갈색, 적색, 자색, 흑색 등의 현미색을 가진 품종들에서 몇가지 색소관련 특성 및 영양특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 유색미의 색소는 종피~과피에 침적되어 있었으며, bulk로 정백시에는 백미에도 그 일부가 잔존하였다. 2. 유색미의 현미 1 g당anthocyanin함량은 갈색 및 적갈색미 1.63~17.62 $\mu\textrm{g}$, 적색미 3.56~11.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$, 자색미 28.11~401.22 $\mu\textrm{g}$, 흑색미 665.98 $\mu\textrm{g}$ 이 었다. 3. 분석된 유색미 중 DZ 78에서 단백질함량이 가장 높았다. 아미노산 조성에서는 보통미와 유색미간, 배아를 제거한 현미와 백미간에 특별한 경향이 없이 대체로 비슷하였다. 4. 유색미의 vitamin 함량을 화청벼와 비교하여 볼 때 $B_1$는 L $K_1$B-4-12-1-1과 DK 1에서 다소 증가했다. $B_2$는 L $K_1$B-2-1-1과 L $K_1$B-4-12-1-1의 배아를 제거한 현미에서 월등히 증가하였다. 5. 조사된 양이온 $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, F $e^{2+}$의 함량은 대부분 유색미에서 유의하게 증가하여 색소침적과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.823-833
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• 1996

An ultimate purpose of this study is to develop an automatic brown rice quality inspection system using image processing technique. In this study emphasis was put on developing an algorithm for discriminating the brown rice kernels depending on their external quality with a color image processing system equipped with an adaptor for magnifying the input image and optical fiber for oblique illumination. Primarily , geometrical and optical features of sample images were analyzed with unhulled paddy and various brown rice kernel samples such as sound, cracked, green-transparent , green-opaque, colored, white-opaque and brokens. Secondary, an algorithm for discrimination of the rice kernels in static state was developed on the basis of the geometrical and optical parameters screened by a statistical analysis(STEPWISE and DISCRIM Procedure, SAS ver.6). Brown rice samples could be discriminated by the algorithm developed in this study with an accuracy of 90% to 96% for the sound , cracked, colored, broken and unhulled , about 81% for the green-transparent and the white-opaque and about 75% for the green-opaque, respectively. A total computing time required for classification was about 100 seconds/1000 kernels with the PC 80486-DX2, 66MHz.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2008

신품종 갈색미를 이용한 다양한 가공식품을 개발하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 먼저 갈색미의 품질 특성을 평가하기 위해 4가지 쌀 품종(백색미, 갈색메벼, 갈색찰벼 및 흑미)의 화학적성분 및 항산화활성을 측정하고 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 새로 육종된 갈색메벼 및 갈색찰벼의 일반성분은 대체적으로 백색미와 흑미의 중간 함량을 나타내는 경향이었다. 지방산 중 palmitic, oleic 및 linoleic acids 함량이 거의 96% 이상 차지하고 있었으며, 백색미, 갈색메벼 및 갈색찰벼는 linoleic acid > oleic acid > palmitic acid 순으로, 반면, 흑미는 oleic acid > linoleic acid > palmitic acid순으로 함량이 낮았다. 백색미의 ${\alpah}$-tocopherol 함량은 51.3mg%(건물 중)이었으나 갈색메벼 및 찰벼는 각각 34.5 및 37.2 mg%, 그리고 흑미는 38.6 mg%로서 백색미보다 유색미의 함량이 낯은 경향을 나타내었다. 다음, 유리아미노산 중 glutamic 및 aspartic acids와 같은 산성아미노산의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 흑미는 백색미보다 그 함량이 훨씬 높은 반면, alanine, proline 및 valine은 백색미보다 낮았으며, GABA 함량은 약간 높았다. 한편, 4가지 쌀 품종중 흑미(2.54 %, 건물중)의 수용성페놀 함량이 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로 갈색찰벼(1.09%) > 갈색메벼(0.69%) > 백색미(0.49%), 순으로 감소하였다. 그리고 흑미는 가장 강한 $DPPH(IC_{50}=90.04{\mu}g/mL)$, superoxide $(IC_{50}=199.92{\mu}g/mL)$ 및 hydroxyl $(IC_{50}=420.73{\mu}g/mL)$ 라디칼 포착활성을 나타내었으며, 그 다음으로 갈색메벼 > 갈색찰벼 > 백색미, 순으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 새로 육종된 신품종 갈색메벼 및 갈색찰벼는 대체적으로 백색미와 흑미의 중간적 화학적 품질 특성 및 항산화활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 미루어 볼 때 새로 육종된 갈색미는 흑미와 함께 향후 기능성 쌀로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 1997

An ultimate purpose of this study was to develop an automatic system for brown rice quality inspection using image processing technique. In this study emphasis was put on developing an algorithm for discriminating the brown rice kernels depending on their external quality with a color image processing system equipped with an adaptor magnifying the input image and optical fiber for oblique lightening. Primarily, geometical and optical features of images were analyzed with paddy and the various brown rice kernel samples such as a sound, cracked, peen-transparent, green-opaque, colored, white-opaque and brokens. Secondary, geometrical and optical parameters significant for identifying each rice kernels were screened by a statistical analysis(STEPWISE and DISCRIM procedure, SAS wer. 6) and an algorithm fur on- line discrimination of the rice kernels in static state were developed, and finally its performance was evaluated. The results are summarized as follows. 1) It was ascertained that the cracked kernels can be detected when e incident angle of the oblique light is less than 2$0^{\circ}C$ but detectivity was significantly affected by the angle between the direction of the oblique light and the longitudinal axis of the rice kernel and also by the location of the embryo with respect to the oblique light. 2) The most significant Parameters which can discriminate brown rice kernels are area, length and R, B and r values among the several geometrical and optical parameters. 3) Discrimination accuracies of the algorithm were ranged from 90% to 96% for a sound, cracked, colored, broken and unhulled, about 81 % for green-transparent and white-opaque and 75 % for green-opaque, respectively.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.318-322
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• 2017

The study was carried out to determine the changes of growth characteristics, anthocyanidin, and brown rice yield grown at coast and inland areas apart from the east coastline of Gyeongsangbuk-do province. Number of spikelets per panicle was much more increased in inland area. Regional difference in number of spikelets per panicle was observed in Jeongjinju cultivar. Among these red rice cultivars, the highest brown rice yield was Jeongjinju rice cultivar having 702 kg in inland area and 692 ㎏ in coast area, respectively. Anthocyanidin content ranged 524 to $610{\mu}g/g$ dry weight basis. Cyanidin content was 11.4 to 14.0 times higher than that of delphinidin under coast and inland area. Anthocyanidin content was higher in rice cultivar grown at coast area. Highest head brown rice rate was only observed in Geonganghongmi to 95.2 at coast area and 95.4 inland area. In considering brown rice yield and pigment content, Hongjinju rice cultivar was recommended in optimal pigment rice cultivar in eastern coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2010

An on-line algorithm that discriminates brown rice kernels on their echelon feeder using color image processing is presented for quality inspection. A rapid color image segmentation algorithm based on Bayesian clustering method was developed by means of the look-up table which was made from the significant clusters selected by experts. A robust estimation method was presented to improve the stability of color clusters. Discriminant analysis of color distributions was employed to distinguish nine types of brown rice kernels. Discrimination accuracies of the on-line discrimination algorithm were ranged from 72% to 85% for the sound, cracked, green-transparent and green-opaque, greater than 93% for colored, red, and unhulled, about 92% for white-opaque and 67% for chalky, respectively.