• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2007

Additional cutouts in the floorbeam webs of orthotropic plated bridge decks relieve the highly stressed lower flange of the ribs passing through these floorbeam webs from possible fatigue damage. Conversely, the floorbeam webs themselves suffer from high stress concentrations, especially along the free edges of the additional cutouts. These stresses result from a combination of direct introduction of vertical traffic loads in the weakened web and from the truss action of the floorbeam. The latter differs from a simple beam action due to the presence of the openings and corresponds more to the behaviour of a Vierendeel truss. Close assessment of the appearing stresses, highly relevant for fatigue resistance, requires the use of elaborate finite element modelling. However, a full finite element analysis merely provides the results of total stresses, leaving the researcher or designer the difficult task of finding the origin of these stress components. This paper presents a calculation method for cutout stresses based on a combination of a framework analysis and a two dimensional finite element analysis of much smaller parts of the floorbeam. This method provides more insight in the origin of the stress components, as well as it simplifies any comparison of different additional cutout geometries, independent of the floorbeam topology.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Inelastic static pushover analysis has been used in the academic-research widely for seismic analysis of structures. Nowadays, the variety pushover analysis methods have been developed, including Modal pushover, Adaptive pushover, and Cyclic pushover, in which some weaknesses of the conventional pushover method have been rectified. In the conventional pushover analysis method, the effects of cumulative growth of cracks are not considered on the reduction of strength and stiffness of RC members that occur during earthquake or cyclic loading. Therefore, the Cyclic Pushover Analysis Method (CPA) has been proposed. This method is a powerful technique for seismic evaluation of regular reinforced concrete buildings in which the first mode of them is dominant. Since the bridges have different structures than buildings, their results cannot necessarily be attributed to bridges, and more research is needed. In this study, a cyclic pushover analysis with four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) by the Opensees software was conducted for seismic evaluation of two regular reinforce concrete bridges. The modeling method was validated with the comparison of the analytical and experimental results under both cyclic and dynamic loading. The failure mode of the piers was considered in two-mode of flexural failure and also a flexural-shear failure. Along with the cyclic analysis, conventional analysis has been studied. Also, the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. The time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used to conduct IDA. After analysis, the base shear vs. displacement in the middle of the deck was drawn. The obtained results show that the cyclic pushover analysis method is able to evaluate an accurate seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete piers of the bridges. Based on the results, the cyclic pushover has proper convergence with IDA. Its accuracy was much higher than the conventional pushover, in which the bridge piers failed in flexural-shear mode. But, in the flexural failure mode, the results of each two pushover methods were close approximately. Besides, the cyclic pushover method with ACI loading protocol, and ATC-24 loading protocol, can provided more accurate results for evaluating the seismic investigation of the bridges, specially if the bridge piers are failed in flexural-shear failure mode.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제16권3호통권70호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 강교량의 강상판에서 많이 사용되는 U리브 현장이음부에 대해 시공오차로 인한 단차의 영향을 조사하기 위해 실물 대모형에 대해 응력해석을 실시하였다. 또한 실물대모형 시험체를 제작하여 3점 휨 피로실험을 실시하였으며, 주사형전자현미경(SEM) 및 비치마크를 이용하여 피로균열 발생점 및 피로균열전파방향을 조사하였다. 실물대모형 모델에 대한 응력해석 결과, U리브의 하면 우각부에 응력이 크게 나타났으며, 단차가 커질수록 응력이 현저히 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 실물대모형 시험체에 대한 정하중 및 피로실험에서도 U리브 하면의 우각부에 응력이 크게 나타났으며, 단차가 크면 피로수명은 단축되고 단차가 적으면 피로수명은 길어졌다. 또한 파단면 조사결과, 피로균열은 모재측 루트부에서 발생하여 용접비드 표면측으로 전파되었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of train-induced end rotation of simple supported track girder on the performance of a direct fixation track system (DFTS) in Yeongjong grand bridge. In this study, the influences of deflection of a DFTS and track girder on dynamic rail-track girder interaction forces for the track girder ends currently employed in airport express lines were assessed by performing field tests using actual vehicles running along the service lines. Therefore, the dynamic displacement of rail and track girder and the fastener stress on the center and ends sections of DFTS were measured for two different trains (AREX and KTX) running in Yeongjong grand bridge. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model using the time-history function based on the design wheel load was used to predict the train-induced track and track girder displacement, and the FEA and field test results were compared. The analytical results reproduced the experimental results well within about 3-7% difference in the values. Therefore, the FEA model of DFTS on track girder is considered to provide sufficiently reliable FEA results in the investigation of the behavior of DFTS. Using the analytical and experimental results, the influence of train-induced end rotation of simple supported track girder on the interaction behavior of rail and track girder installed on a simple supported track girder ends, i.e., upward displacement of rail-track girder and the fastener stress, was investigated. It was found that the train-induced end rotation effect of track girder was not significantly affected by the upward displacement of rails and the fastener stresses of track girder ends. Further, the interaction behavior of rail and track girder were similar to or less than that of the general railway bridge deck ends, nevertheless the vertical displacement of track was higher than that of conventional DFTS on the general railway bridge. From the results, the dynamic responses of the DFTS on track girder ends were not significantly affected by the safety and stability of DFTS ends.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.561-577
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• 2013

Rational Functions are used to express the self-excited aerodynamic forces acting on a flexible structure for use in time-domain flutter analysis. The Rational Function Approximation (RFA) approach involves obtaining of these Rational Functions from the frequency-dependent flutter derivatives by using an approximation. In the past, an algorithm was developed to directly extract these Rational Functions from wind tunnel section model tests in free vibration. In this paper, an algorithm is presented for direct extraction of these Rational Functions from section model tests in forced vibration. The motivation for using forced-vibration method came from the potential use of these Rational Functions to predict aerodynamic loads and response of flexible structures at high wind speeds and in turbulent wind environment. Numerical tests were performed to verify the robustness and performance of the algorithm under different noise levels that are expected in wind tunnel data. Wind tunnel tests in one degree-of-freedom (vertical/torsional) forced vibration were performed on a streamlined bridge deck section model whose Rational Functions were compared with those obtained by free vibration for the same model.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.301-310
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• 2013

To suggest a standard concerning with the arrangement of bridge equipment, the authors conducted the video observations with 3CCD (charge coupled device) cameras installed on the ceil of the bridge for monitoring the working activities of two bridge teams (the skipper/mate1 and the skipper/mate2) in a Korean coastal large trawler(gross tonnage: 139) for five days from July 30th. 2010 and analyzed of the data. Work elements coded by the work activities were input on the sheet of work analysis by the time unit of 1 sec according to the time occurred. A single work element among the work activities for every 5 minutes was denoted as the number of occurrence. The frequency of equipment usage was limited only in the usage of the equipment. In the case of the navigation and the towing net two ranks were integrated and analyzed. On the other hand, in the case of the casting net and the hauling net, two processes were integrated to as one and then analyzed separately as two ranks. As the results, 15 elements of work was carried out between two bridge teams for the observation; lookout, radar, GPS plotter, fish finder, net monitor, fishing deck, RPM indicator, rudder angle indicator, compass card, for maneuver; steering, ship speed control, trawl winch operation and external communications, paper works and others. It was found that the work load of the skipper per 5 minutes accordance with the navigation, the casting net, the towing net and the hauling net are 20.5 times, 11.9 times, 38.0 times and 9.5 times respectively, the mates are 65.2 times, 66.5 times, 85.7 times and 59.1 times respectively. The radar was shown the highest frequency of the equipment usage and the next was the fish finder, the GPS plotter and the external communications in the case of the navigation. In the case of the towing net the frequency of usage was high the ranking as the radar, the net monitor, the fish finder, the GPS plotter, the steering system and the external communications. In the case of the integrated process both of the casting and hauling net the trawl winch was shown the highest frequency to the skipper and the next was the GPS plotter and the radar, and the steering system was shown the highest frequency to the mate and the next was the radar, the ship speed control system, the GPS plotter, the net monitor and the fish finder.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권5A호
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• pp.849-859
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 벤치마크 사장교를 이용해 다양한 불확실성에 대해서 복합시스템에 사용된 ${\mu}$-제어기의 강인성 해석을 수행하였다. 복합 시스템에 추가적으로 사용된 능동제어 장치로 인하여 전체 시스템의 강인성이 저하되거나 불안정성이 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 복합 시스템의 강인성을 향상 시키기 위해 기본적으로 신뢰성이 확보되는 수동장치와 함께 불확실성을 포함한 시스템의 성능과 안정성(강인성능)을 보장하는 ${\mu}$-합성법을 능동제어 장치에 사용하였다. 교량상판에 추가적인 질량, 구조물 강성행렬에 대한 섭동, 능동제어 장치의 시간지연, 그리고 이들의 조합을 이용하여 ${\mu}$-합성법의 강인성을 조사하였다. 수치해석 결과 다양한 불확실성에 대해 제안된 시스템은 제어성능의 저하 없이 뛰어난 강인성을 보여 주었다. 또한 제어시스템의 강인성은 다른 불확실성에 비해 구조물의 강성행렬 섭동에 더 큰 영향을 받는다. 따라서 ${\mu}$-합성법으로 제어되는 복합 시스템은 불확실성이 많은 지진하중을 받는 사장교에 개선된 제어기법으로 제안될 수 있다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.219-229
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• 2003

타정식 및 자정식 현수교의 정확한 초기형상을 결정하기 위하여 초기부재력법과 TCUD법을 효과적으로 결합시킨 개선된 해석 방법을 제시한다. 먼저 기하학적 선형해석을 수행하여 장력의 초기값을 가정한다. 이제 케이블의 무응력길이를 변수로 취급하여 TCUD법에 근거한 반복계산이 이루어진다. 수렴이 되면 현수교의 주탑 및 보강형의 축방향 변위를 제거하기 위하여, 케이블의 장력과 주탑, 보강형의 압축력, 그리고 주케이블의 절점 수직변위의 수렴된 값은 이용하고 나머지 부재력과 좌표값은 초기값으로 재조정하여 초기부재력법을 적용한다. 케이블요소의 모델링에서 무응력길이를 변수로 추가함으로써 주케이블 및 행어 정착부의 변위와 주탑의 수평변위를 설계목적에 적합하도록 제어하여 휨모멘트를 최소화하였고, 초기부재력법을 결합시켜 보강형, 주탑의 축방향변위가 발생하지 않는 해석결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.588-593
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• 2007

Fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) composite decks are new to bridge applications and hence not much literature exists on their structural mechanical behavior. As there are many differences between numerical displacements through static analysis of the primary model and experimental displacements through static load tests, system identification (SI)techniques such as Neural Networks (NN) and support vector machines (SVM) utilized in the optimization of the FE model. During the process of identification, displacements were used as input while stiffness as outputs. Through the comparison of numerical displacements after SI and experimental displacements, it can note that NN and SVM would be effective SI methods in modeling an FRP deck. Moreover, two methods such as response surface method and iteration were proposed to optimize the estimated stiffness. Finally, the results were compared through the mean square error (MSE) of the differences between numerical displacements and experimental displacements at 6 points.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.477-487
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• 2019

Understanding the behavior of skew bridges under the action of earthquakes is quite challenging due to the combined transverse and longitudinal responses even under unidirectional hit. The main goal of this research is to assess the response of skew bridges when subjected to longitudinal and transversal earthquake loading. The effect of skew on the response considering two- and three- span bridges with skew angles varying from 0 to 60 degrees is illustrated. Various pier fixities (and hence stiffness) and cross-section shapes, as well as different abutment's bearing articulations, are also studied. Finite-element models are established for modal and seismic analyses. Around 900 models are analyzed under the action of the code design response spectrum. $Vis-{\grave{a}}-vis$ modal properties, the higher the skew angle, the less the fundamental period. In addition, it is found that bridges with skew angles less than 30 degrees can be treated as straight bridges for the purpose of calculating modal mass participation factors. Other monitored results are bearings' reactions at abutments, shear and torsion demand in piers, as well as deck longitudinal displacement. Unlike straight bridges, it has been typically noted that skew bridges experience non-negligible torsion and bi-directional pier base shears. In a complementary effort to assess the accuracy of the conducted response spectrum analysis, a series of time-history analyses are applied under seven actual earthquake records scaled to match the code design response spectrum and critical comparisons are performed.