• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.889-898
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• 2016

This study was to evaluate the characteristics of bread and the rheology of flour dough containing sugar alcohols, after addition of fructose. In the farinogram tests, the addition of sugar alcohol changed the stability and mixing tolerance index. The stability and mixing tolerance index of farinogram increased as the amount of sugar alcohols increased. Amylograms revealed that the increase in gelatinization temperature and maximum viscosity of wheat flour dough with sugar alcohols was more than that of controls. Extensogram of dough with sugar alcohols exhibited higher extensibility and resistance. After fermentation treatment, the dough volumes prepared with only sorbitol and xylitol were lesser than those prepared after addition of fructose. The volume of loaf and specific volume of bread containing sugar alcohols with fructose significantly increased. The breads containing sugar alcohols showed greater taste, flavor and texture scores, for breads prepared with either sorbitol with fructose or xylitol with fructose, compared to breads without fructose. Overall preference scores by sensory evaluation of bread containing sugar alcohols with fructose were higher than bread with only sugar alcohols. These results indicate that the addition of fructose improves the flavor of bread containing sugar alcohols.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop functional bread added with dried mulberry pomace. The effect of dried mulberry pomace (0, 1, 3 or 5%) on the quality characteristics of breads was evaluated. The weight, volume and height were higher in bread added with dried mulberry pomace, compared with control bread. As the concentration of the dried mulberry pomace increased, decreased in pH and increased in acidity. The sugar concentration($^{\circ}Brix$) and reducing sugar(%) increased with the amount of dried mulberry pomace. The hunter color system L(lightness) and b(yellowness) value of the crumb of breads with increasing dried mulberry pomace were decreased, but the a(redness) value was increased. Contents of total phenol increased with addition amount of dried mulberry pomace. The antioxidant activities such as DPPH and hydroxy radical scavanging activity of the dried mulberry pomace increased with increase of dried mulberry pomace amount. The sensory results showed that scores of over-all preference of the breads added with dried mulberry pomace were higher than that of control.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.524-533
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop functional bread containing Portulaca oleracea L. (0%, 1%, 3% or 5%). The weight was higher in the bread with Portulaca oleracea L. (POL), compared with the control bread. The height and volume were lower in the bread containing POL. As the concentration of POL increased, the pH decreased and the acidity increased. The sugar concentration ($^{\circ}Brix$) and reducing sugar (%) decreased with increasing amounts of POL. On the hunter color system, L (lightness) and a (redness) values for the crumbs of breads with more POL were lower, but the b (yellowness) value was higher. Total phenolic compound contents increased with the addition of POL. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH and hydroxy radical scavenging activity for the breads with POL increased with increasing POL. The sensory test results showed that the over-all preference score for the breads containing POL were higher than those of the control.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.100-119
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• 2014

급수량을 달리하여 배양한 쌀 천연발효액의 pH는 배양기간이 경과할수록 감소하였으나 적정산도는 증가하였다. 쌀 발효액의 당도는 배양 3일이 지나면서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 에탄올 함량은 물 140% 첨가구가 가장 높았다. 젖산균수가 가장 높았던 물 180% 첨가구가 가장 낮은 효모수를 보인 반면 젖산균수가 가장 낮았던 물 140% 첨가구가 가장 높은 효모수를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 쌀 천연발효액의 발효율은 효모수가 가장 많았던 물 140% 첨가구가 가장 높았다. 쌀종을 yeast 대체 0, 10, 30, 50, 70% 첨가하여 제조한 우리밀 식빵 반죽의 pH는 쌀종 10% 첨가구만 대조구보다 낮았고 나머지 쌀종 첨가구들은 첨가량이 증가할수록 높았다. Farinograph 특성을 분석한 결과 쌀종을 첨가할수록 수분흡수율, 반죽 생성시간과 반죽 안정도는 감소하였으며 탄력도 및 반죽의 약화도는 높게 나타났다. RVA의 호화특성에서 호화개시온도는 대조구보다 쌀종을 첨가할수록 증가하였으나 최고점도, 최저점도, 최종점도, 전분입자의 파괴정도 및 노화정도는 감소하여 대조구와 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). CrumbScan 분석에서 쌀종 첨가량이 증가할수록 기공의 조밀도, 기공의 찌그러짐, 껍질의 두께 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 쌀종 첨가 식빵의 무게는 대조구보다 쌀종 첨가구가 더 높았으며 부피는 쌀종 첨가 50% 이상에서 대조구보다 더 높게 나타났다. 저장기간($25^{\circ}C$, 5일) 중 품질변화를 살펴본 결과 수분함량은 저장기간 동안 감소하였으며 쌀종 50%와 70% 첨가구는 대조구보다 높거나 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 빵 외부 표면의 곰팡이 형성을 육안으로 관찰한 결과 쌀종 첨가량이 많을수록 곰팡이 발생이 지연되어 저장성 개선효과가 있었다. 색도측정에서 저장초기 명도 L값과 황색도 b값은 대조구보다 쌀종 첨가구가 더 높았으며 적색도 a값은 쌀종 첨가구보다 대조구가 더 높게 나타났다. 쌀종 첨가 식빵의 경도는 쌀종 첨가군이 대조구보다 더 높았으나 응집성과 탄력성은 대조구가 더 높았다. 관능검사에서 맛과 전반적인 기호도는 대조구와 쌀종 50% 첨가구가 높게 평가되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2007

Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibers-fructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread fir persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2010

기능성 소재로서의 버찌 분말의 이용가능성을 알아보기 위해 버찌 분말을 0, 1, 3 및 5% 첨가한 식빵을 제조하여 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 반죽 및 식빵의 pH는 버찌분말 첨가에 의해 감소하였으나, 무게는 증가하였다. 식빵의 부피, 비용적, 굽기 손실률은 버찌분말 첨가에 의해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 발효팽창력 또한 버찌분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 식빵의 색도 측정 결과는 L(lightness)값과 b(yellowness)값에서 crust와 crumb 모두 버찌 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였고, a(redness)값은 crust, crumb 모두 버찌 분말을 첨가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 버찌 분말 첨가 식빵의 견고성, 씹힘성은 버찌 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, 응집성은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 탄력성은 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 항산화 활성은 버찌분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가하였다. 식빵의 관능검사 결과 버찌 분말 첨가는 색, 냄새, 맛, 질감 및 전체적인 기호도를 향상시키는 긍정적인 영향을 미치나 5% 이상의 너무 많은 버찌 분말 첨가는 관능적인 기호도를 오히려 떨어뜨리는 것으로 나타났으며, 버찌 분말 3% 첨가군의 선호도가 가장 좋아 식빵의 품질 및 관능 특성, 기능성을 고려한 버찌 분말 첨가량은 3% 첨가군이 최적 조건일 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.1324-1332
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• 2016

강력분 80%와 쌀가루 20%에 baker's%로 검류로 HPMC, xanthan gum, guar gum, glucomannan 등을 각각 1% 첨가한 혼합분으로 만든 식빵의 품질 특성을 평가하기 위하여 빵의 부피 및 비용적, 굽기 및 냉각 손실률, 수분 함량, 수분활성도, crumb 조직감, crumb 색도, 관능검사 등을 분석하였다. 식빵의 부피는 HPMC와 glucomannan 첨가구가 유의적 차이 없이 가장 컸고 xanthan gum 첨가구가 가장 작았으며, 비용적은 부피의 결과와 반대였다. 냉각 손실률은 guar gum 첨가구가 9.25%로 가장 높았고, glucomannan 첨가구가 7.78%로 가장 낮았다. 수분 함량은 저장기간 동안 glucomannan 첨가구가 가장 많았고 대조구가 가장 적었다. Crumb 조직감 특성에서 경도는 glucomannan 첨가구가 낮고 탄력성은 높아 부드러웠으며, xanthan gum 첨가구는 경도 값이 높아 부드럽지 못하였다. 응집성, 씹힘성, 검성은 glucomannan과 HPMC 첨가구가 가장 낮았고 xanthan gum 첨가구가 가장 높았다. Crumb 색도 측정에서 L 값은 HPMC 첨가구가 높았고 xanthan gum 첨가구가 가장 낮았다. a 값은 모두 유사하였으나, b 값은 HPMC 첨가구가 가장 낮아 밝았고 xanthan gum 첨가구는 가장 높아 어두웠다. 관능검사의 종합점수에서 HPMC와 glucomannan 첨가구가 유의적 차이 없이 높은 점수를, xanthan gum 첨가구가 낮은 점수를 얻었다. 이상의 실험으로 강력분과 쌀가루 8:2의 혼합분에 hydrocolloids를 첨가하여 식빵 제조 시 HPMC와 glucomannan의 첨가가 부피, 부드러움, 맛과 향, 노화 지연 등에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.397-404
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to help promote the consumption of rice by substituting rice powder for wheat flour in bread preparation and examining the effect of rice powder particle size in baked rice bread samples. Several experiments were carried to analyze and compare the quality characteristics of prepared samples of wheat flour and rice powder breads. The loaf volume index of the wheat flour bread was 6.34, and the indices of the rice powder bread samples, which were made from powder milled through 20, 35, and 45 mesh (S1, S2 and S3), were 5.37, 5.56, and 5.85, respectively. These data indicated that the loaf volume index of the rice powder bread was lower than that of the wheat flour bread, but the volume of the rice powder bread increased as the particle size of the rice powder became finer. According to texture analysis results using a rheometer, the hardness value of the wheat flour bread was $1.34{\times}10^3\;g/cm^2$, and values of S1, S2, and S3 were $1.74{\times}10^3\;g/cm^2$, $1.57{\times}10^3\;g/cm^2$, and $1.47{\times}10^3\;g/cm^2$, respectively. Therefore, S3, which was made from the finest powder among the rice powder samples, showed the lowest level of hardness. No significant differences were observed for springiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess among the bread samples. However, the wheat flour and rice powder breads had significant differences for bread crumb color. The L-value of S3(76.20) was similar to that of the wheat flour bread(77.22). but the L-values of S1(70.30) and S2(71.21) were lower than that of the wheat flour bread. In terms of redness and yellowness, the values of the rice powder breads were significantly different from those of the wheat flour bread. In terms of overall preference, the sensory evaluation results indicated that S3 was significantly the more preferred and the wheat flour bread was the least preferred among the bread samples. This study also investigated texture changes and mold occurrence in bread samples stored at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. From the 3rd day of storage, bread texture became harder in all samples however, S3 showed the least level of change among the rice powder breads. The occurrence of mold began to increase abruptly from the 4th day of storage, and S2 and S3 showed mold numbers that were 2-fold greater than those of S1 and the wheat flour bread.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2007

다양한 소금의 첨가가 제빵 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 기계염, 국산 천일염, 중국산 천일염, 멕시코산 천일염, 구운 소금, 죽염을 첨가하여 반죽과 식빵을 제조하고 각각의 특성을 조사하였다. Farinograph로 측정한 반죽의 흡수율은 소금의 첨가로 감소하였으며, 기계염의 경우가 흡수율 감소가 작아 가장 높은 흡수율을 나타내었다. 반죽의 면적과 저항면에서는 국산, 중국산, 멕시코산 천일염과 죽염 등이 크게 나타나 우수한 제빵적성을 보였다. Amylograph로 측정한 paste의 최고점도는 기계 염, 천일염, 세척탈수염 첨가군은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 구운 소금과 죽염 첨가군은 다소 높았다. 식빵의 비용적은 국산 천일염 첨가군이 4.11 mL/g으로 가장 작았으며 멕시코산 천일염 첨가군은 4.85 mL/g으로 부피 증가가 가장 컸다. 빵의 무게는 국산 천일염 첨가군에서 412.4g으로 가장 높아 굽기 손실율 에서 국산 천일염 첨가군(10.34%)이 다른 첨가군(10.91$\sim$11.65%)에 비해 낮았다. 식빵의 색도에서는 국산 천일염 첨가군의 경우 빵 껍질의 명도가 크고 적색도가 낮았고, 빵내부의 황색도는 높았으며, 다른 첨가군은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 저장 초기의 식빵의 경도는 세척 탈수염 첨가군이 가장 낮았고 중국산 천일염 첨가군이 가장 높았으며 저장기간 1, 3, 5일 경과함에 따라 멕시코산 천일염과 중국산 천일염 첨가군은 경도가 크게 증가했다. 식빵의 관능검사 결과 소금의 종류에 따른 식빵의 내 외부적 제품 특성에서 국산 천일염 첨가군과 멕시코산 천일염 첨가군이 유의적 차이를 보였으며 향, 맛, 전체적인 기호도에서는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2008

This study investigated the quality characteristics of breads manufactured with xylito1. Four different concentrations(0, 5, 7, and 10%) of xylitol were added to the bread-making flour. Volume, color, the visco-elastic properties of the dough, and bread texture were analyzed. The dough volumes of the xylitol treatments during fermentation, as well as the final volumes of the xylitol breads were lower than those of the control dough and bread. Onset temperature slightly increased with the xylitol concentration, but entalphy changed minimally. Finally, the hardness of the bread positively increased with the xylitol concentration.