• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2018

This study examined the quality of bread made from a wheat flour, oat powder, and wild carrot powder mixture. The lightness and redness values decreased with increasing amount of wild carrot powder addition, while the yellowness was increased significantly. In a sample of wild carrot powder addition, the total volume was lower than the control. The texture profile analysis of oat bread, such as hardness, gumminess and cohesiveness decreased significantly with increasing amount of wild carrot powder addition. In the case of springiness, the value was not significant. The sensory evaluation of oat bread was significantly different in all analyses. Oat bread (BCB2.0) containing 2.0% (w/w) wild carrot powder showed the highest value in the four sensory evaluation items. Therefore, the 2.0% (w/w) addition of wild carrot powder addition was appropriate. An analysis of the physicochemical active component and DPPH scavenging activity of oat bread revealed a higher total flavonoid and total polyphenol content than normal bread. The DPPH scavenging activity was also 20.3% compared to the wild carrot powder. The availability of wild carrot powder in oat bread could be identified.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.153-161
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• 2012

Wheat is a very popular crop in all over the world due to the various use of wheat flour as staple foods, such as bread. As many food products are made from wheat, the property of wheat can be a determinant of the quality of final food products. Staled bread is not harmful to health but is normally rejected by consumers due to the absence of desirable sensory attributes. The phenomena of staling can be increased hardness of bread, the migration of moisture from center of bread to the crust of bread, loss of flavor and etc. The exact mechanism of staling has not been established completely. To delay or prevent staling, either addition of anti-staling agent, such as surfactant and enzyme or modification of wheat component, such as wheat starch has been adapted. The development of waxy wheat made it possible to reconstitute the starch component in bread. When the content of amylopect in was increased in bread, the loss of moisture was decreased and the reduction in softness of bread was decreased during storage. Increased retrogradation of starch did not always accompany the staling of bread indicating that the retrogradation of starch may not be a single indicator of bread staling. To find out the exact relationship between bread staling and starch retrogradation, further research is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.399-405
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• 2007

The quality characteristics of breads made by adding levels of 30%, 60%, and 100% aloe gel were investigated. The 60% aloe gel sample had a larger dough volume than the control dough. Also, the loaf volume and specific volume of the bread made with 60% aloe gel were larger than those of the control bread. The pasting temperature increased gradually with the increasing amounts of substituted aloe gel as compared to wheat flour with water added$(66.5{\pm}12^{\circ}C)$; the wheat flour with 100% aloe gel had a pasting temperature of $90.7{\pm}1.1^{\circ}C$. Peak viscosity decreased gradually with increasing amounts of aloe gel when compared to the wheat flour with water added. Setback also was decreased gradually with the increasing amounts of aloe gel as compared to the wheat flour with added water. From the setback decrease it is suggested that the aloe controlled retrogradation of the bread during short-term storage. The crumb color of the bread made with the aloe gel was not significantly different to that of the control bread, and the color of the crumb was yellow-white. Bread hardness decreased gradually with increasing amounts of the substituted aloe gel. However, bread gumminess and chewiness increased gradually with increasing amounts of aloe gel. The springiness of the bread made with 100% aloe gel was lower than that of the control bread. With regard to flavor and taste, the bread made with 100% aloe gel produced a green-like odor and had a bitter taste. The mouth feel of the breads made with aloe gel was considered soft and moist. The overall acceptabilities of the breads made with 30% and 60% aloe gel were not significantly different from the control bread, but the bread made with 100% aloe gel had a green smell and bitter taste. Yet accordingly, the results indicate that functional and health products with improved quality could be developed by adding aloe gel to breads and cakes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1120-1128
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the flour quality and bread making condition required for Korean-style steamed bread, using 5 commercial wheat flours (protein content from 8.2 to 12.5%), They were compared in making steamed bread (SB) and baked roll bread (BRB). Straight dough method was used and the temperatures of dough and fermentation were controlled at 26$^{\circ}C$ and 32$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The first fermentation was conducted at various times (0, 20, 40 and 60 min) and then forty min of proofing (2nd fermentation) was used for all bread dough. As the 1st fermentation time increased, volumes of both SB and BRB increased 4.3 ~8.7% and 27~40%, respectively, but the SB flattened and the total bread scores of SB decreased due to the lack of smoothness and shininess of the bread surface and poor grain. Contrary to that, the total bread scores of BRB increased. SB made from the flour containing 10.5% of protein, was of its highest quality: relatively high volume, smooth, semiglossy and white surface, good texture, followed by SB made from flours containing 10.9%, 9.5%, 12.5%, and 8.2% of protein content, respectively These results suggest that the 1st fermentation process was not needed for SB making. Total bread scores of SB were better correlated with farinograph dough stability than protein contents and volumes of SB were correlated with farinograph development time. Therefore, in steamed bread making, flour dough rheology is important as well as protein content.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.805-813
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• 2006

The quality of frozen bread dough made with the milk proteins casein (C), whey (W), and the gums sodium alginate (A) and ${\kappa}$-carrageenan (K), was investigated to develop methods to suppress the deterioration of the frozen dough quality. The control had a lower dough volume than dough with additives during freeze-thaw cycles. In bread stored at $5^{\circ}C$, the moisture content of bread prepared with whey plus sodium alginate (WA) decreased less than that of the control. The control also had a lower specific loaf volume than breads made with added milk proteins and gums. The hardness of the control bread and bread made with casein plus sodium alginate (CA) and whey plus ${\kappa}$-carrageenan (WK) increased during freeze-thaw cycles, although that of the control increased more than the others. There was no significant difference in sensory preference among breads with and without milk proteins and gums. Addition of CA and WA improved the baking quality by reducing the deterioration of frozen dough and retarding the staling of bread.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.397-406
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• 2002

Quality characteristics of bread added with water homogenate of citrus peel powder(WHCP, 1~5% of wheat flour) were investigated. The pH, the volume of dough, and the loaf volume index of bread added with WHCP were lower than those of the control. The contents of total carotenoids, hesperidin and naringin in the bread with 3% of WHCP were 0.14, 38.4 and 25.3 mg%, respectively. The bread with WHCP(3%) showed comparable cohesiveness and springiness, but higher hardness than the control product. The bread with WHCP(3%) showed the best quality evaluated by color and overall acceptability, taste, flavor and texture.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2002

Green tea extract(GTE) was added to pall bread, prepared by the straight-dough method, and its effects on shelf-life(moisture, pH, titratable acidity, antimicrobial activity) and sensory quality of pan bread were evaluated. The results of those characteristics for staling indicated that quality of pan bread was significantly extended by addition of GTE. Growth of microorganisms was significantly inhibited by adding GTE to pan bread, and sensory quality on pan bread added GTE was no significant differ in color, flavour, hardness, chewiness and overall-quality than that of control group(0% GTE). These results suggest that the shelf- life of pan bread was extended by GTE.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.91-105
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• 2001

Chou-cream bread and Red bean paste bread were made by sponge & dough method with the sweet dough formula. The bread quality was studied by the measurements of the temperature variation, the fermentation level of frozen dough in the special condition(dough conditioner of 5$^{\circ}C$, 10$^{\circ}C$, 15$^{\circ}C$, 20$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$), the product volume and thesensory evaluation with frozen dough thawed, fermented and baked. When thawing temperature was low, the core temperature of frozen dough increased slowly and the time for thawing and fermentationwas long. In thawing and fermentation, the core temperature of Red bean paste dough increased faster than that of Chou-cream dough. When the thawing conditions of dough conditioner(retarder) were 20$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$, the level of total time decrease for thawing and fermentation was 55 and 86 min in Chou-cream dough and 62 and 90 min in Red bean paste dough respectively in comparison to dough conditioner of 5$^{\circ}C$. In volume of baked products, they showed no significant difference for three weeks of storage, but slight difference for four weeks of storage. The result was that Chou-cream bread was larger than Red bean paste bread in the decrease of volume. In sensory evaluation, the bread quality became low according to the time. When stored for four weeks in the freezer, significant differences were found in Chou-cream vread, but slight difference appeared in Red bean paste bread. The research identified that Red bean paste dough was more effective in manufacturing time than that of Chou-cream dough, when thawing temperature was high, and if frozen dough was thawed in the retarder of lower than 20$^{\circ}C$, the bread quality in terms of volume and sensory evaluation had no significant difference in comparison to the none-freezing Red bean paste bread.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.56-65
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• 2017

This study investigated quality characteristics of sourdough bread using fermented fig. Bread containing sourdough, compared with control group, showed high inclination in moisture content. Sample with 20% of sourdough was the highest, and sample with 40% of sourdough was the lowest. There was a significant difference among samples. As for appearance and cross structure of sourdough bread with fermented fig, there was an inclination that the bigger sourdough bread is, the bigger cell is and the more even its structure is. As for the chromaticity, sample with 20% of sourdough showed the lowest value of L and value of b. Value of L and b got lower as its volume got bigger. Value of a, on the one hand, showed no fixed inclination. As for textural characteristics, sourdough bread showed lower hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, and higher springiness and cohesiveness than control group. There were significant differences among all items, but there was no significant difference in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess among samples. Changes in result of sensory analysis suggested that sample with 20% of sourdough showed the highest overall preference including color, flavor, taste, and appearance. On the other hand, sample with 40% of sourdough showed the lowest overall preference. Considering preference through sensory analysis and quality characteristics of sourdough bread with fermented fig, therefore, it seemed that sourdough bread with 20% of sourdough had the best characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.599-613
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of white pan bread added with wheat sprout powder without treatment (WP) and wheat sprout powder with only enzyme treatment (WPE), only lactic acid bacteria treatment (WPL) and enzyme and lactic acid bacteria treatment (WPE&L). The three different powder concentration levels of 1%, 3%, and 5% were added to flour to produce the white pan bread. The bread volume and specific volume of the WPE&L group were the highest among all the addition groups. The bread weight, a-value, and b-value of the WP group was highest among all the addition groups, but the bread baking loss and the L-value of the WP group was the lowest among all the addition groups. The texture measurements indicated that the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values of the bread were the highest in the WP group. The sensory evaluation test showed that bread in the WPE&L group with 3% wheat sprout powder was the best among all the samples studied. Based on our findings, we suggest that the enzyme and lactic acid bacteria pretreated wheat sprout powder is an effective ingredient for improving the overall quality of white pan bread.