• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 2001

Anatomy and ultrastructure of the modifeid Krana pattern have been studied in succulent Salsola collina Pall. Cylindrical leaves exhibited the Salsoloid Kranz type containing two layers of peripheral chlorenchyma that surrounded the water storage cells and vascular tissues. Small veins were also peripherally arranged, but mostly embedded in the vicinity of the inner chlorenchma without the orderly arrangement of the concentric layering of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. The current study mainly focused on the chlorenchyma tissue abutting such minor veins. The outer columnar layer exhibited features similar to the characteristics of palisade mesophyll cells, while the inner cuboid layer to the bundle sheath cells of a typical $C_4$ Kranz pattern. Cellular components of the inner chlorenchyma were centripetal and numerous, but starch-laden chloroplasts were rudimentary in the thylakoidal system. The outer chlorenchyma demonstrated normally developed chloroplasts having well-stacked thylakoids and plastoglobuli. Branched and complicated plasmodesmata frequently occurred in thick interfaces of the two layers, implying the active movement of the photosynthates between them. The present data were mostly congruent with one of the structural features of the C4 subtypes , NADP-ME type, reported in the $C_4$ pattern. The Kranz pattern encountered in this Salsola probably has been directly related to the structural modification that occurred during a functional adaptation to the $C_4$ photosynthesis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2011

Cisplatin is widely used for various types of cancers. However, its side effects, most notably, renal toxicity often limit its clinical utility. Although previous metabolomic studies reported possible toxicity markers, they used small number of animals and statistical approaches that may not perform best in the presence of intra-group variation. Here, we identified urinary biomarkers associated with renal toxicity induced by cisplatin using NMR-based metabolomics combined with Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=22) were treated with cisplatin (10 mg/kg single dose), and the urines obtained before and after treatment were analyzed by NMR. Multivariable analysis of NMR data presented clear separation between non-treated and treated groups. The OPLS-DA statistical results revealed that 1,3-dimethylurate, taurine, glucose, glycine and branched-chain amino acid (isoleucine, leucine and valine) were significantly elevated in the treated group and that phenylacetylglycine and sarcosine levels were decreased in the treated group. To test the robustness of the approach, we built a prediction model for the toxicity and were able to predict all the unknown samples (n=14) correctly. We believe the proposed NMR-based metabolomics with OPLS-DA approach and the resulting urine markers can be used to augment the currently available blood markers.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 2007

This study describes conditions for the mass production of activation-tagged mutant hairy root lines of ginseng by cocultivation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Because it is not currently possible to produce progeny from transgenic ginseng, a loss-of-function approach for functional genomics cannot be appliable to this species. A gain-of-function approach is alternatively the choice and hairy root production by cocultivation of A. rhizogenes would be most practical to obtain a large number of mutants. Various sources of explants were subjected to genetic transformation with various strains of A. rhizogenes harboring the activation-tagging vector pKH01 to determine optimum conditions for the highest frequency of hairy root formation on explants. Petiole explants cocultivated with A. rhizogenes R1000 produced hairy roots at a frequency of 85.9% after 4 weeks of culture. Conditions for maximum growth or branching rate of hairy roots were also investigated by using various culture media. Petiole explants cultured on half strength Schenk and Hildebrandt medium produced vigorously growing branched roots at a rate of 2.6 after 4 weeks of culture. A total of 1,989 lines of hairy root mutants were established in this study. These hairy root lines will be useful to determine functions of genes for biosynthesis of ginsenosides.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.361-371
• /
• 1990

The present observations were focussed mainly on the morphological findings of the utero-vaginal(U-V) glands in normal laying domestic hens and the storage of cock spermatozoa in the U-V glands at various times after artificial insemination(AI). These domestic hens were assigned to three group of PMS-treated, GnRH-treated before last AI, and control group. The hens were sacrified at intervals of 1,3,7,12 and 19 days after AI. Histological sections of U-V junctions were prepared and the morphological structures of the U-V glands were observed and then were scored about the spermatozoa presence in the U-V gland. 1. The U-V glandular tubules were mostly unbranched with single columnar epithelium. Also these tubules were occassionally observed as one circular-rotated tubules or 2 to 3 branched convoluted tubules in special shapes. The numbers of the convoluted curves per tubule were $4.3{\pm}3.3$ and the ranges of convoluted curve number were straight to 16 curves. 2. The inside and outside diameters of the glandular tubules were $6.5{\pm}3.5{\mu}m$, and $35.2{\pm}4.7{\mu}m$, respectively, and the tubular lengths of the U-V glands were $219.3{\pm}115.7{\mu}m$. 3. Storaged spermatozoa in the U-V glands of all three group hens were intensively stained by hematoxylin, and packed in tight, longitudinally parallel bundles within the tubules. In addition, numbers of completely spermatozoa-filled glands were tend to increase or decrease in proportion to the numbers of partially spermatozoa-filled glands. Also U-V glands containing spermatozoa tend to be present collectively in the any zone of U-V junction. 4. In the control group, the numbers of glands containing spermatozoa in the hens at 1,3,7,12, and 19 days after AI were found to be 22.9, 33.3, 35.8, 8.6, and 0% respectively. 5. In the PMS-treated group, the numbers of glands containing spermatozoa in the hens at 1,3,7,12, and 19 days after AI were found to be 33.6, 29.7, 26.8, 8.2 and 0% respectively. 6. In the GnRH-treated group, the numbers of glands containing spermatozoa in the hens at 1,3,7,12, and 19 days after AI were found to be 19.7, 40.8, 20.4, and 0% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.1143-1149
• /
• 2003

To elucidate a method of preventing dental caries, strains producing lytic enzymes were isolated and their characteristics were investigated. Among 5,00 alkalophilic strains isolated from soil, 22 strains showed lytic activity against Streptococcus mutans. Strain No. 4830, with the highest lytic activity, was selected for further study. Strain 4830 showed 94% sequence homology with the 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus alcalophilus, but it was concluded to be different from Bacillus alcalophilus because of its biochemical characteristics. The strain was named Bacillus sp. 4830. The lytic enzyme from Bacillus sp. 4830 was purified by ethanol precipitation and CM-agarose column chromatography. The molecular weight of the lytic enzyme was determined to be 28 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The lytic enzyme was stable between pH 5.0 and pH 11 and up to $40^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH and temperature for the lytic activity was 9.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.55-58
• /
• 2002

In July 2001, rotting and shivering flowers of cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabitis) were fecund in the flower beds along the roadsides in Jinju area. The disease first started as water-soaking, dark-green lesions on the petals, and then whole flower was rotted rapidly, Whitish mycelia and monosporous sporangiophore with monosporous sporangiola were formed abundantly on the lesions. Colony appeared as white to pale yellowish brown mycelia on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). Monosporous sporangiophore was long slender and branched at the apex, each branch bearing a head of sporangiospores. Sporangium was subglobose in shape and was 42.6-114.2$\mu$m in size. Monosporous sporangiola were elliptic, fusiform or ovoid, and brown in color and 12.3~21.6 $\times$8.3~11.6$\mu$m Um in size. Sporangiospores were elliptic, fusiform or ovoid in shape, dark brown or brown in color and 16.3~23.8$\times$8.2~13.6$\mu$m in size, and they had three or more appendages at bipolar end. Zygospores were mostly globose, dark black colored and sized was 46.2-78.4$\mu$min diameter, The fungus grew on PDA between at 15 to 4$0^{\circ}C$, and the optimum temperature was 3$0^{\circ}C$. This is the first report on the flower rot of cotton rose caused by C. cucurbitarum in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 2007

A wilt disease on the greenhouse-grown chrysanthemum occurred at Kumi, Masan and Busan, Korea in $2003{\sim}2005$. Symptoms of wilting, yellowing, and marginal burning started from lower leaves and progressed upward. Early symptoms often appeared on one side, involving only one part of the plant or one side of individual leaves or stems without a vascular discoloration. Vascular tissues of the infected leaf-base's discolored to brown. Fungal isolates obtained from discolored tissues were identified as Verticillium dahliae based on its cultural and morphological characteristics. The fungus showed whitish to creamy colony pattern with abundant dark brown to black elongated microsclerotia on PDA. Conidiophores were verticillately branched and conidia were ellipsoidal to sub-cylindrical shape, and measured as $2.5{\sim}8.8{\times}2.0{\sim}3.8{\mu}m$. Pathogenicity tests by root dipping resulted in similar symptoms observed in the naturally infected chrysanthemum in fields.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.202-205
• /
• 2017

Pink rot appeared in greenhouse-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Jeonju, Korea. The symptoms appeared as brown discoloration of sunflower head and progressed into stem in advanced stage. In order to investigate the causal organism of this disease, we isolated a fungus from the infected seeds and maintained the isolated fungal culture on potato dextrose agar medium. Conidiophores were simple or branched, 62.5 to $123.1{\mu}m$ long. Conidia were produced in basipetal chains, ellipsoidal to pyriform with oblique and prominent truncate basal scars, two-celled, hyaline and measured $10.2-21.4{\times}7.5-12.6{\mu}m$. The fungus was inoculated to a new sunflower plant and showed the typical blight on the leaves. Study of morphological characters, pathogenicity tests and sequence analysis revealed that the isolated fungus is confirmed to be Trichothecium roseum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pink rot on sunflower caused by T. roseum in Korea.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2014

We investigated space-time patterns of Quaternary fault activity of the Yangsan fault zone using ESR ages in the Samnam-myeon region, Ulsan, Korea. Some of fault gouge zones consist of well-defined bands which added to the older gouge band, indicative of reactivation. During addition of new bands, the older gouge band was inactive, which represents the type I faulting mode. ESR analyses of each band of the gouge zone allow us to construct history of fault movement. The entire fault gouge zones were reactivated by type III faulting mode giving us ESR ages of the lastest reactivation. ESR dates show temporal clustering into active and inactive periods analogous to historic and paleoseismic fault activities. ESR ages and dates of fault movements indicate migration of fault activities along the Yangsan Fault Zone. Segments of the Quaternary faults in the study area are branched in the south of Sangcheon site. The earliest record of activity in segmented faults is recorded from the western segment to the northern segment. Before 750~850 ka ago, the fault gouge zone from the western segment to the northern segment were active. At 750~850 ka ago, the fault gouge zone from the eastern segment to the northern segment were active. During 630~660 ka and 480~540 ka only the northern segment was active. After 340 ka ago, the fault gouge zone from the western segment to the northern segment were active again.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 2010

Morphology and microstructure of the suction trap in aquatic Utricularia japonica were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Branched stems bear numerous suction traps without root formation. The traps are derived axillary from the node, and their antennae and appendages extend in a peculiar fashion. The trap walls are thin, two-celled, parenchyma tissue and simple, small glands are scattered in both internal and external surface of the trap. The entrance of the trap is surrounded by one pair of dorsal antennae and ventral appendages, where the former guides the prey to the entrance. Trap door is situated below the entrance and numerous sessile and stalked capitate trichomes cover the entrance and even on the door surface. The capitate trichomes are secretory, but four trigger hairs formed on the central areas of the door are not. They are believed to function in activating and tripping the trap door. A specialized region of the threshold come in contact with the lower portion of the door upon closing. The secretory capitate trichomes near this region are responsible for producing and secreting a mucilage-like substance which composes the velum. Two-armed bifid glands are located in the interior side of the threshold, while four-armed quadrifid glands are considerably numerous occurring over the entire inner trap wall. Bifid and quadrifid glands develop semi-spherical basal cells that connect them to the inner wall surface. Antennae, trigger hairs, capitate trichomes, bifid and quadrifid glands are more important structures in the carnivory of U. japonica.