• International Journal of Railway
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.129-133
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• 2008

Over the last $15{\sim}20$years, many countries have adopted policies of railway privatization to keep up with increasing competition from road and air transport. Although each country and case has its own history, market characteristics, political context as well as administrative process, railway privatizations (including railway restructure, concession etc.) in the west usually are accompanied with the establishment of new regulatory regimes. Therefore, railway governance has been innovating towards an interaction of government, regulator, industry bodies, user groups, trade unions and other interested groups within the regulatory framework. However, it is not the case in China. Although China had seen a partial privatization in some branch lines and is experiencing a much larger-scale privatization by establishing joint-ventures to build and operate high-speed passenger lines and implementing an asset-based securitization program, administrative control still occupies absolutely dominant position in the railway governance in China. Ministry of Railway (MOR) acts as the administrator, operator as well as regulator. There is no national policy that clearly positions railway in the transportation network and clarifies the role of government in railway development. There is also little participation from interested groups in the railway policy making, pricing, service standard or safety matter. Railway in China is solely governed by the mere executive agency. Efficiency-focused economic perspective explanation is far from satisfaction. A wider research perspective from political and social regime is of great potential to better explain and solve the problem. In the west, separation and constrains of power had long been established as a fundamental rule. In addition to internal separation of political power(legislation, execution and jurisdiction), rise of corporation in the 19th century and association revolution in the 20th century greatly fostered the growth of economic and social power. Therefore, political, social and economic organizations cooperate and compete with each other, which leads to a balanced and resonable power structure. While in China, political power, mainly party-controlled administrative power has been keeping a dominated position since the time of plan economy. Although the economic reform promoted the growth of economic power of enterprises, it is still not strong enough to compete with political power. Furthermore, under rigid political control, social organizations usually are affiliated to government, independent social power is still too weak to function. So, duo to the limited and slow reform in political and social regime in China, there is an unbalanced power structure within which political power is dominant, economic power expanding while social power still absent. Totally different power structure in China determines the fundamental institutional environment of her railway privatization and governance. It is expected that the exploration of who act behind railway governance and their acting strength (a power theory) will present us a better picture of railway governance as a relevant transportation mode. The paper first examines the railway governance in China and preliminarily establishes a linkage between railway governance and its fundamental institutional environment, i.e. power structure in a specific country. Secondly, the reason why there is no national policy in China is explored in the view of political power. In China, legislative power is more symbolic while party-controlled administrative power dominates political process and plays a fundamental role in Chinese railway governance. And then, in the part three railway finance reform is analyzed in the view of economic power, esp. the relationship of political power and economic power.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

The Back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan clearly presents an aspect of the landscape gardening techniques of the Baekje, which are significantly unique in the landscape gardening history of East Asia as the structure connected to the main garden through a complex waterway system on a hill. The rear garden has a complex waterway system comprising a large inverted U-shape waterway and its branch waterways, sinuous waterway and water catchment system to enhance the landscape effect with a minimum amount of water on a hill, reducing damage by floods in the case of heavy rain and securing the amount of water required by the main space in the palace. A landscape element using various kinds and sizes of oddly shaped rocks decorated the water catchment area inside or around the large inverted U-shape waterway. On the top of the hill, the center in the Back garden, a building site in the size of 4 Kans each on the front and side was made on a square base surrounded by a round base stone. The building was identified on a space partially surrounded by the rectangular stonework on the left and right slope of the hill. While the functions and roles of the rectangular stonework are not accurately identified due to the poor conditions of the present site, the stonework may be related to the building inside it. The back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan has a winding pond-shaped waterway to pull or push water into or out of the garden in a rectangular pond shape, which was a conventional landscape gardening technique during the Baekje period. Since the main garden and the back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan form a systematic connection system, this paper tried to newly establish the main garden inside Iksan Wanggungseong as the 'royal garden'.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.137-167
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• 2007

This paper is aimed to study the late Neolithic Age in North Korea in order to closely examine a transition process into the Bronze Age in the Korean peninsula. Thus, the pottery with lightning design was selected as target data. Since the pottery with lightning design is fundamental data that North Korea's archeologists have used for chronological recordings of the late Neolithic Age in the northwest region, the parallel relationship between the eastern and the western region was established with comparison of pottery with lightning design in the northeastern region. The examination focuses on data that cover the target region of the pottery with lightning design of the adjacent Southern Primorskii region including the counterpart of the northwestern and the northeastern region. As a result, some attribute analyses revealed that the pottery with lightning design was affected by the counterpart of the northwestern region near the Yalu River. Prior to genealogical and chronological recordings of the pottery with lightning design in the northeastern region, the pottery with lightning design in the northwestern region was recorded chronologically in order to examine its specific development process. Consequently, in the second period of the Neolithic Age, the pottery with lightning design in the northwestern region was assumed to have an impact on the counterpart in the northeastern region. The classification of the pottery with lightning design in the northeastern region shall be based on 4-period development. According to this classification, the pottery, which was found in the Tumen river basin, was thought to belong to the first period. The pottery went through genealogy differentiation in the second period and when entering into the third period, the pottery spread to inland of south Primorskii. The pottery was assumed to exist in the southern Primorskii region until the tip end (the fourth period) of the Neolithic Age. It is assumed that considering the fact that climate change led to the agriculture movement, Zaisanovka culture, i.e. the late Ne Neolithic Age, moved to the southern Primorskii region along the Tumen River basin.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.353-364
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• 2021

Since the mid-twentieth century, geology has gradually evolved as an interdisciplinary context in South Korea. The journal of Economic and Environmental Geology (EEG) has a long history of over 52 years and published interdisciplinary articles based on geology. In this study, we performed a literature review using topic modeling based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), an unsupervised machine learning model, to identify geological topics, historical trends (classic topics and emerging topics), and association by analyzing titles, keywords, and abstracts of 2,571 publications in EEG during 1968-2020. The results showed that 8 topics ('petrology and geochemistry', 'hydrology and hydrogeology', 'economic geology', 'volcanology', 'soil contaminant and remediation', 'general and structural geology', 'geophysics and geophysical exploration', and 'clay mineral') were identified in the EEG. Before 1994, classic topics ('economic geology', 'volcanology', and 'general and structure geology') were dominant research trends. After 1994, emerging topics ('hydrology and hydrogeology', 'soil contaminant and remediation', 'clay mineral') have arisen, and its portion has gradually increased. The result of association analysis showed that EEG tends to be more comprehensive based on 'economic geology'. Our results provide understanding of how geological research topics branch out and merge with other fields using a useful literature review tool for geological research in South Korea.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.78 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Inelastic static pushover analysis has been used in the academic-research widely for seismic analysis of structures. Nowadays, the variety pushover analysis methods have been developed, including Modal pushover, Adaptive pushover, and Cyclic pushover, in which some weaknesses of the conventional pushover method have been rectified. In the conventional pushover analysis method, the effects of cumulative growth of cracks are not considered on the reduction of strength and stiffness of RC members that occur during earthquake or cyclic loading. Therefore, the Cyclic Pushover Analysis Method (CPA) has been proposed. This method is a powerful technique for seismic evaluation of regular reinforced concrete buildings in which the first mode of them is dominant. Since the bridges have different structures than buildings, their results cannot necessarily be attributed to bridges, and more research is needed. In this study, a cyclic pushover analysis with four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) by the Opensees software was conducted for seismic evaluation of two regular reinforce concrete bridges. The modeling method was validated with the comparison of the analytical and experimental results under both cyclic and dynamic loading. The failure mode of the piers was considered in two-mode of flexural failure and also a flexural-shear failure. Along with the cyclic analysis, conventional analysis has been studied. Also, the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. The time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used to conduct IDA. After analysis, the base shear vs. displacement in the middle of the deck was drawn. The obtained results show that the cyclic pushover analysis method is able to evaluate an accurate seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete piers of the bridges. Based on the results, the cyclic pushover has proper convergence with IDA. Its accuracy was much higher than the conventional pushover, in which the bridge piers failed in flexural-shear mode. But, in the flexural failure mode, the results of each two pushover methods were close approximately. Besides, the cyclic pushover method with ACI loading protocol, and ATC-24 loading protocol, can provided more accurate results for evaluating the seismic investigation of the bridges, specially if the bridge piers are failed in flexural-shear failure mode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.45
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• pp.13-29
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• 2021

Under the recognition that the technological system of traditional flower design in Korea has been passed down from the past to the present, we extracted the type of design form from the flower decoration of the Joseon Dynasty, analyzed the expression technique, and examined the relationship with the modern traditional flower decoration in this study. As a result, most of the flower design works of the Joseon Dynasty mainly expressed one focal point at the central starting point. One central branch line was mainly used, and cut leaves were mainly used as the base material. Similar to the Joseon Dynasty, one central starting point and a base made of leaves are mainly used In modern flower design. In the frequency of use by expression technique, the stem exposure technique was used the most, and cut flowers and cut stems were used at a similar frequency in all techniques. As plant materials, cut flowers and cut stems were mainly used. In addition, non-plant materials such as feathers, fans, and brushes were also used for decoration. In conclusion, it can be seen that traditional flower decorations in Korea were systematically established in the Joseon Dynasty in terms of expression techniques and high-level flower design works were made. In the future, it will be necessary to study the history of our flower designs in more diverse ways and to develop modern flower designs while preserving historical traditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.23-44
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• 2023

The word library(図書館) is a Japanese translation of the Western library or Bibliothek in the mid-Meiji period. This word has been accepted in Chinese(图书馆), Taiwan(圖書館), Korea(도서관), and Vietnam(Dđồ thư quán), which are Chinese-speaking countries. If so, when and who first introduced the term library to Japan and China? In Japan, the enlightenment thinker Fukuzawa's 『Seiyo Jijo, 1866』 is regarded as the first document to introduce the Western library, and in China, the article published in 『Qing Yi Bao, 1896』 by the reformed thinker Liang Qichao referred to as the first example. Therefore, this study traced and demonstrated the time and person in which the word library appeared, focusing on modern dictionaries, books, translations, papers, and newspaper articles that were introduced in both countries. As a result, the theory of the introduction to Fukuzawa in 1866 is wrong because Western libraries are described in various terms in many diaries and dictionaries, including Motoki's 『An English Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language, 1814』. Also, in China, the theory of introduction of Liang Qichao in 1896 is not true because the term library first appeared in Ryu Jeong-dam's 『A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese, 1884』. In the same context, it is necessary to trace and argue the history of the first use of the term library in Korea and the name of the first library in Korea established by the Busan Branch of the Japan Hongdo Association in 1901.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.4
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• pp.401-413
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• 2016

Forest resources utilization and variable disturbance history have been affected the rarity and conservation value of forest relict trees, which served as habitat for forest biodiversity, important carbon stock and cultural role include human and natural history in South Korea. This study was conducted to establish the baseline data for forest resources conservation by clarifying species diversity, spatial distribution and ecological characteristics (individual and habitat) of forest relict trees (DBH > 300 cm) based on the data getting from mountain trail, high resolution aerial photos and field professionals and field survey. As results, 54 taxa (18 family 32 genus 48 species 1 subspecies 3 variety and 2 form) as about 22% of tree species in Korea was identified in the field. 837 individuals of forest relict trees were observed and the majority of the trees was in Pinaceae, deciduous Fagaceae and Rosaceae, which families are abundant in population diversity. High elevation area was important to relict trees as mean altitudinal distribution was 1,200 m a.s.l as likely affected by human activity gradients and mid-steep slope and North aspect was important environment for the trees remain. Many individuals exhibited 'damage larger branch' (55.6%) and consequent relatively lower mean canopy coverages (below 80%). Synthetically, present diversity and abundance of relict forest trees in South Korea were the result of complex process among climate variation, local weather and biological factors and the trees of big and old were estimated to important forest biodiversity elements. In the future, clarifying the role and function of relict trees in forest ecosystem, in- and ex- situ programmes for important trees and habitat, and activities for building the background of conservation policy such as "Guideline for identifying and measurement of forest relict trees".

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate damages of garlics occurred under cold storage and farmhouse storage condition, influence of cultural and environmental factors on storage spoilage of garlics, and to establish control strategies to reduce damages occurred under storage of garlics. Decays of garlics were highly related with cultural condition (paddy field or upland soil), ventilation, storage temperature and relative humidity, continuous cropping years, and harvesting stage. Early-harvested garlics were more decayed than late-harvested garlics. Garlics cultivated on paddy field were less decayed than ones cultivated on upland soil under farmhouse storage condition. The densities of Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were higher on plot with long term continuous cropping cultivation history than on plot with short term continuous cropping cultivation history. However there is no relation between continuous cropping years and percent of decay of garlics. As a result of investigating influence of environmental factors on decay of garlics, P. hirsutum caused severe spoilage under high relative humidity condition, while F. oxysporum and Stemphyllium botryosum were not related with relative humidity. The three postharvest pathogens grew well above woe. In addition when P. hirsutum and S. botryosum were cultured for two months, they grew even at $-1^{\circ}C$. Except for environmental factors, wounds occurred through farming works. had an effect on storage spoilage of garlics. Garlics only hurt with a toothpick without inoculation of pathogens were decayed more severe than those inoculated with pathogens without wounds. Seven agro-chemicals showed highly suppressive effect were selected by measuring mycelial growth of three major pathogens of garlics on potato dextrose agar amended with 0.1% (v/v) of each fungicide. When they were foliar-sprayed on garlics 30 days before harvesting, it was confirmed that they suppressed storage spoilage of garlics. Also when garlics were sprayed with and drenched into the suspension of Benoram WP very after harvesting garlics, garlic damages by postharvest pathogens were reduced remarkably.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.