• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.318-323
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• 2020

Objective: Reacquisition of motor functions following stroke depends on interhemispheric neural connections. The intervention highlighted in the present case is an insight for augmenting motor recovery by stimulating the lesioned area and adjacent areas governing the motor behaviour of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the motor and cognitive outcomes through multi target stimulation of cortical areas by application of multichannel transcranial direct current stimulation (M-tDCS) in a stroke survivor. Design: A case report. Methods: The patient was a participant of a trial registered with the clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2020/01/022998). The patient was intervened with M-tDCS over the left primary motor cortex i.e. C3 point and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex i.e. F3 point with 0.5-2 mA intensity for the period of 20 minutes. SaeboFlex-assisted task-oriented training, functional electrical stimulation over the lower extremity (LE) to elicit dorsiflexion at the ankle and eversion of the foot, and conventional physiotherapy rehabilitation including a tailored exercise program were performed. Outcome assessment was done using the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA) for the upper and lower extremity (UE and LE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) and the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SSQOL) measures. Assessment was taken at Day 0, 15 and 30 post intervention. Results: Improvement was observed in all the outcome measures i.e FMA (UE and LE), MOCA, SSQOL and WGS across the span of 4 weeks. Conclusions: M-tDCS induced improvement in motor functions of the UE and LE, gait parameters and cognitive functions of the patient.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of these case is to observe the effect of prescription of liver supplementation on essential tremor patient who was operated DBS. Methods : The patient was treated by prescription of liver supplementation. The improvement of patient was judged by tremor scale and VAS(visual analog scale). Results : After treatment patient's tremor scale grade and VAS score were generally decreased. Conclusions : The prescription of liver supplementation might be an effective method to treat the essential tremor patient who was operated DBS.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1997

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in synaptic plasticity, developmental processes, learning and memory and many neuropathological disorders including age-related diseases. In the present study, regulation of the NMDA receptor properties by various ligands was investigated using $[^3H]MK-801$ binding studies in the synaptic membranes of young and aged rat forebrains. The binding in the presence of glutamate and glycine increased dramatically with growth between 1 and 6 weeks old, and thereafter declined gradually with aging. Glutamate, glycine or spermine respectively increased the binding with growth. Glutamate maintained the binding during aging, while glycine or spermine significantly decreased the binding in the aged brain. The maximum stimulation by glycine varied depending on the ages of brains. Greater sensitivity to glycine was observed at 1 week and 3 months and the sensitivity was significantly reduced in the aged brain. In contrast, spermine showed similar stimulation patterns in young and aged rats. These results indicated that the functional properties of the NMDA receptor-ion channel complex in young and aged rat forebrains are differentially regulated by agonists, and the reduction of the receptor function with normal aging may be, in some degree, due to the reduction of the receptor sensitivity to glycine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2000

We examined the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNAs upon isoproterenol (Iso)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Then, we tried to investigate the effects of sympatholytics to see if they can modulate the expression of ANP and BNP. In this study, RT-PCR technique was used to characterize the expression of ANP and BNP in right atrium (RA) and left ventricle (LV) of the hypertrophied rat heart. Histologic findings indicated that stimulation of ${\beta}-adrenoceptors$ with Iso for 5 days was sufficient to induce cardiac hypertrophy in rats. A continuous stimulation with Iso for 7 days resulted in an increase of the ANP and BNP expression in the LV and BNP expression in the RA. The increased expressions of ANP and BNP in the LV were slightly inhibited, and the increased expressions of BNP in the RA were markedly inhibited by a continuous treatment with propranolol, metoprolol, and clonidine for 7 days. Overall, our data present a differential expression of the natriuretic peptides in Iso-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and that the mechanisms involved in this differential ANP and BNP gene expression could be mediated via sympathetic nervous system.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2009

To know the effect of smells from eco-friend and existing interior construction materials to human response, EEG of subjects' were measured. EEG signals were measured from 8 electrodes according to the international 10-20 system (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, Fc3, Fc4, P3, P4) from 10 healthy subjects in seven odor construction material. Followings are results. When stimuli of smell were suggested, non-stimuli pattern of ${\alpha}$-wave is largely in right occipitallobe part and rare in frontallobe part respectively. In case of eco-friend materials' smell, there is a activation of EEG in right occipitallobe part for every stimuli. But in case of eco-friend paint and Hwang-to, ${\alpha}$-wave is appeared in most part of brain even in frontallobe part. Especially for wet cedar case, activation of brain is very positive in right occipitallobe part and in frontallobe part. When comparing the normalized sensitivity of ${\beta}$-wave which appears in negative response, the preference ratio order is like this. Normal paint ${\rightarrow}$ MDF ${\rightarrow}$ Eco-friend paint ${\rightarrow}$ Gypsum board ${\rightarrow}$ Cedar ${\rightarrow}$ Wet cedar ${\rightarrow}$ Hwang-to.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2012

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been found to be effective treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to evaluate the effect of DBS for rigidity during DBS surgery. Six Parkinsonian patients who received STN-DBS surgery participated in this study. The examiner imposed flexion and extension of a patient's wrist randomly. Resistance to passive movement was quantified by viscoelastic properties (two damping constants for each of flexion and extension phase and one spring constant throughout both phases). All Viscoelastic constants decreased by DBS (p<0.01). Specifically, reduction in damping constant during flexion ($B_f$) was greater than those of damping constant during extension ($B_e$) and of spring constant (p<0.05). $B_f$ would be appropriate for evaluation of effect of DBS for rigidity during DBS surgery.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2004

Objective : Physiological evidence regarding acupuncture's effect in human patients is not yet well established, despite considerable evidence for its therapeutic efficacy. Besides target or disease specificity of acupuncture, acupuncture analgesia (AA) appears to be another large subclass that poses many questions, such as whether there is point specificity with respect to which acupoint is most effective for a particular condition. Methods : We observed brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a set of stimuli that consist of pain, pain following Meridian acupuncture, and pain following Sham acupuncture. Results : Among the new observations, the most interesting fact is that data sets of both Meridian acupuncture and Sham acupuncture show decreased activation of the same brain areas related to the pain processing signals. Present functional MRI study demonstrate two important biological observations that could elucidate AA mechanism in human participants: the effects of acupuncture occur through mediation of the higher brain areas. Sham acupuncture stimulation appears to be almost as effective as traditional Meridian acupoint stimulation, suggesting that acupuncture is not entirely point specific. Decreased activation in the limbic paleo cortical areas appears to be the probable neurological manifestation of AA and strongly implies that acupuncture stimulation inhibits the transmission of ascending pain signals to the higher cortical areas by the previously known descending pain inhibitory circuit. Conclusion : We, therefore, a hypothesized that this pain inhibitory circuit is initiated and mediated via the broad sense Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (BS HPA) axis in conjunction to the "sensory stimulation."

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates cortical excitability beyond the duration of the rTMS trains themselves. Depending on rTMS parameters, a lasting inhibition or facilitation of cortical excitability can be induced. Therefore, rTMS of high or low frequency over motor cortex may change certain aspects of motor learning performance and cortical activation. This study investigated the effect of high and low frequency subthreshold rTMS applied to the motor cortex on motor learning of sequential finger movements and brain activation using functional MRI (fMRI). Three healthy right-handed subjects (mean age 23.3) were enrolled. All subjects were trained with sequences of seven-digit rapid sequential finger movements, 30 minutes per day for 5 consecutive days using their left hand. 10 Hz (high frequency) and 1 Hz (low frequency) trains of rTMS with 80% of resting motor threshold and sham stimulation were applied for each subject during the period of motor learning. rTMS was delivered on the scalp over the right primary motor cortex using a figure-eight shaped coil and a Rapid(R) stimulator with two Booster Modules (Magstim Co. Ltd, UK). Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed on a 3T ISOL Forte scanner before and after training in all subjects (35 slices per one brain volume TR/TE = 3000/30 ms, Flip angle $60^{\circ}$, FOV 220 mm, $64{\times}64$ matrix, slice thickness 4 mm). Response time (RT) and target scores (TS) of sequential finger movements were monitored during the training period and fMRl scanning. All subjects showed decreased RT and increased TS which reflecting learning effects over the training session. The subject who received high frequency rTMS showed better performance in TS and RT than those of the subjects with low frequency or sham stimulation of rTMS. In fMRI, the subject who received high frequency rTMS showed increased activation of primary motor cortex, premotor, and medial cerebellar areas after the motor sequence learning after the training, but the subject with low frequency rTMS showed decreased activation in above areas. High frequency subthreshold rTMS on the motor cortex may facilitate the excitability of motor cortex and improve the performance of motor sequence learning in normal subject.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.613-620
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 수면장애가 뇌파(EEG)의 beta파와 감각운동리듬(sensory motor rhythm)에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 여자 대학생을 대상으로 하여 수면습관에 따라서 다음과 같이 네 군(n=6)으로 나누었다. 즉, 좋은 수면습관을 가진 GSHG (Good sleep habit group), 일반적으로 대학생들이 늦게 취침하는 수면 습관을 갖고 있기 때문에 오전 0~2시에 취침하는 CSHG (Common sleep habit group), 수면위상지연증후군으로 자신의 수면 장애를 인식하고 있는 CSDG (Cognitive sleep disorder with delayed sleep phase syndrome group), 수면장애를 인식하지 못하는 NSDG (Non-cognitive sleep disorder with delayed sleep phase syndrome group)으로 나누었다. 뇌파는 QEEG 8-System을 사용하여 오전 9~12시 사이에 측정하였다. 책읽기 자극시에 뇌파를 측정하여 안정시 기준치와 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 책읽기 자극시 beta파와 감각운동리듬 상대파워는 GSHG가 다른 세군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다($p$ <0.05). 책읽기 자극시 수치와 안정시 기준치를 대응 비교하여 볼 때에도, GSHG에서 beta 파워가 대뇌피질의 모든 부위에서 유의적으로 증가하였다($p$ <0.05). 그러나 CSHG에서는 전두부와 측두부에서 beta 파워가 감소하였다($p$ <0.05). 한편 CSDG와 NSDG에서는 책읽기 자극에 의하여 beta 파워의 유의적인 변화가 발생하지 않았다. 감각운동리듬 상대파워는 GSHG에서만 책읽기 자극에 의하여 향상되었다. 결론적으로 여자 대학생에게 있어서 오전 0~2시경에 늦게 취침을 하면 다음날 오전에 집중력 뇌파인 beta파 기능이 현저히 감소하고, 수면습관이 나쁘면 자신의 수면장애에 대한 자가인식 유무와 관련 없이 beta파와 운동감각리듬에 대한 뇌기능이 활성화되지 않아서 집중력에 부정적인 영향을 준다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.26-35
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• 2008

Objective : In the evaluation of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), most neurologists only see their patients during a limited period of their fluctuating 24-hour-a-day lives. This study aimed to assess the short-term outcome of STN stimulation for patients with advanced PD evaluated in a 24-hour monitoring unit for movement disorder (MUMD) using a prospective protocol. Methods : Forty-two patients with advanced PD consecutively treated with bilateral STN stimulation using multi-channel microelectrode recording were included in this study. All patients were evaluated using a 24-hour MUMD with a video recording/editing system and were evaluated with a prospective protocol of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Hoehn and Yahr Staging, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), Short Form-36 Health Survey, and neuropsychological tests. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain were performed prior to and six months after surgery. Results : All patients were evaluated at three and six months after surgery. There was a rapid and significant improvement of the motor symptoms, especially in tremor and rigidity, after STN stimulation with low morbidity. Dyskinesia was markedly decreased with much lowered LEDD values by 50% after STN stimulation. 1.5T MR images were safely taken according to the manufacturer's guidelines at six months after surgery without any adverse effects in 41 patients treated with STN stimulations. Conclusion : Evaluations in a 24-hour monitoring unit could reduce the dose of medication efficiently to an optimal level with patients' comfort and improve the clinical symptoms in harmony with STN stimulation.