• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2010

Various electrophysiological tests have provided a large body of valuable information on neuronal responses to a presented stimulus. The special and general somatic sensory pathways are main targets of evoked potentials. Two types of evoked potentials, exogenous and endogenous, are commonly used. Exogenous evoked potentials of general and special somatic sensory systems will be reviewed. One of general somatic sensory functional pathways, proprioception, can be evaluated by general somatosensory evoked potentials with electrical stimulation on nerves. The special somatosensory functional pathways, including vision, and audition, can be evaluated by visual evoked potentials and auditory evoked potentials. Also laser-evoked potentials are newly developed for pain pathway, including lateral spinothalamic pathway, and vestibular myogenic evoked potentials for sacculocollic pathways. The evoked potentials of sensory system have maximal clinical utility in evaluating functional deficits along the sensory pathways. They are used for evaluating comatose patients, hysterical patients, premature infants, patients with suspected demyelinating diseases or neoplasms, and research. We discuss the neurophysiologic tests of sensory systems in views of practical points. The organized evaluation of sensory electrophysiologic tests can be helpful in detecting and estimating the abnormalities in neurological diseases.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2009

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) plays an essential role in the stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and is the precursor of biologically active peptides such as adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), $\alpha$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone ($\alpha$-MSH), $\beta$-melanocyte-stimulation hormone ($\beta$-MSH) and $\beta$-endorphin. We have synthesized two different forms of POMC cDNA clones, POMC-I and POMC-II, from a pituitary cDNA library for Paralichthys olivaceus, or Japanese flounder. jfPOMC-I cDNA consists of 954bp and encodes a polypeptide of 216 amino acid residues, whereas jfPOMC-II consists of 971bp which encode a polypeptide of 194 amino acid residues. The high levels of jfPOMC-I and -II mRNAs detected in the pituitary tissue and moderate levels detected in the brain tissue plus our quantitative RT-PCR analysis, which showed there to be no significant difference between the levels of jfPOMC-I and -II mRNAs, indicate that there may be no functional separation between these two mRNAs in the flounder.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.108-122
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• 2005

The gait training strategy in very important things for central nervous system(CNS) injury patients. There are many method and strategy for regaining of the gait who had CNS injury. A human being has central pattern generator(CPG) is spinal CPG for locomotion. It is a neural network which make the cyclical patterns and rhythmical activities for walking. Sensory input from loading and hip position is essential for CPG stimulation that makes the central neural rhythm and pattern generating structure. From sensory input, the proprioceptive information facilitate proximal muscles that controlled in voluntarily from cortical level and visual and / or acoustical information facilitate distal muscles that controlled voluntarily from subcortical level. Gait training method can classify that is functional level and structural level. Functional level includ level surface gait, going up and down the stair. It is important to facilitate a guide tempo in order to activate the central pattern generators. During the functional test or functional activities, can point out the poor period in gait that have to be facilitate in structural level. There are many access methods with patient position and potentiality. The methods are using of rhythmic initiation, replication and combination of isotonic with standing position. Clinically using it on weight transfer onto the stance leg, loading response, loading response and pre-swing, terminal stance, up and downwards stairs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1360-1364
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• 2000

This 26-year-old man gradually developed a disabling midbrain tremor involving both distal and proximal part of left upper arm. On neurologic examination, oculomotor palsy, and ataxia of the left arm were noted. Radiologic examination revealed a mass lesion on midbrain tegmentum. He was tentatively diagnosed as brain tumor (presumably germinoma) without stereotactic biopsy. Conventional radiation therapy was given for this lesion. Although there was improvement in the radiologic imaging, his midbrain tremor worsened and became untolerable. The authors performed MR-guided stereotactic Vim-thalamotomy. With macroelectrode stimulation and radiofequency lesioning, his resting, postural and action tremors were almost completely abolished in both distal and proximal part of left upper extremity. Authors consider that Vim thalamotomy is still an effective means of controlling midbrain tremor involving proximal upper limb.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1990

An attempt was made to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular 5-hydroxytrypatamine (5-HT) on the cardiovascular system in urethane-anesthetized rabbit and to elucidate the mechanism of its action. 5-HT given into a lateral ventricle caused clearly a dose-dependent decrease inboth arterial blood pressure and in heart rate. The bradycardia and hypotension induced by 5-HT were significantly attenuated by the prior injection of ketanserin, cyproheptadine or clonidine. Pretreatment of atropine with bilateral vagotomy did not affect both bradycardia and hypotension. Propranolol weakened markedly the breadcardia of 5-HT but did not influence the depressor response of 5-HT. These experimental results suggest that intraventricular 5-HT cause the hypotension and bradyardia in rabbits through the stimulation of serotonergic receptors in brain, which is seemed to be associated to inhibition of sympathetic tone.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2001

뇌 손상 후 급성기에 기능의 자발적인 회복이 일어나지만 환자들은 환측의 상지를 잘 사용하지 못하게 된다. 그 결과 원하는 움직임을 억제하는 상황을 발생시키는데 이것을 학습 무사용 증후군(learned nonu se syndrome)이라 한다. 이러한 학습 무사용 증후군을 치료하기 위해 억제-유도 치료(constraint-induced therapy)가 고안되었다. 억제-유도 치료는 연속되는 몇 주간에 걸쳐 매일 많은 시간 동안 건측의 상지를 묶어두고 환측 상지를 사용하게 하여 기능을 반복 학습하게 함으로써 기능을 증진시키는 방법이다. 이미 여러 연구자들이 경두개 자기자극(transcranial magnetic stimulation), 움직임 관련 피질전위(movement-related cortical potential), 기능적 자기공명 영상기법(functional magnetic resonance imaging) 등을 통하여 억제-유도 치료 후 운동피질영역에서의 재조직화를 보고함으로써 기능 증진과 관련된 회복 기전을 뒷받침하고 있다. 억제-유도 치료의 영역은 확대되어 뇌졸중, 척수손상, 고관절 치환술 후로 하지에서의 기능증진을 위하여 연구가 진행되고 있으며 특히 뇌졸중 후 실어증 환자에서 새로운 방법으로 제시되고 있다. 따라서, 억제-유도 치료는 신경학적인 손상 후 움직임의 재활에 있어서 치료-유도를 통한 중추신경계의 회복에 효과적으로 작용할 수 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.211-219
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• 1988

운동학습이론인 감각운동 통합이론을 본 연구의 개념적 틀로하여 한방병원에 입원한 뇌졸중 환자 중 구강인두 기능이 저하된 환자를 대상으로 감각운동자극이 구강인두 기능에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 1988년 3월초부터 5월 중순까지 예비실험 연구하였다. 감각운동자극을 주기 전에 구강인두기능을 시정하고 대상자 전원에게 저하된 구강인두기능에 따라 감각운동자극을 선택하여 하루 3번 매식후 30분전에 주었으며, 이를 일주일 동안 계속하였다. 일주일 후 다시 구강인두기능을 측정하여 자극을 주기전, 후의 기능정도를 paired t-test로 비교 분석하였으며 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. “자극을 주기 전보다 준 후에 머리와 목운동 조절점수가 높을 것이다”라는 제1가설은 지지되었다(t＝-2.71, df＝5, p＝.042). 2. “자극을 주기 전보다 준 후에 씹는 능력이 증가되었으나, 통계적으로는 유의하지 않았다(t＝-2.00, df＝5, p＝.102). 3. “자극을 주기 전보다 준 후에 입술운동의 조절점수는 높을 것이다”라는 제3가설은 지지되었다(t＝-4.77, df＝5, p＝.005). 4. “자극을 주기 전보다 준 후에 혀 운동 조절점수가 높을 것이다”라는 제4가설은 지지되었다(t＝-3.61, df＝5, p＝.015). 5. 자극을 주기 전보다 준 후에 연하능력이 증가되었으나 통계적으로는 유의하지 않았다(t＝-2.24, df＝5, p＝.076). 이상의 결과로 감각운동자극은 연하장애환자의 구강인두기능을 증진시키는데 효과적인 방법이라고 할 수 있다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2004

기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 진동자의 자극에 따른 감각 피질의 반응에 대하여 연구하였다 주로 40 Hz 이하의 주파수에 반응하는 촉각소체의 혈류반응을 조사하기 위하여 8, 15, 그리고 25 Hz의 주파수를 사용하였다. 사용되고 있는 진동자의 한계를 극복한 공기의 압력을 이용하여 진동할 수 있는 진동자를 특수 제작하였다. 예측한 바와 같이 감각 피질의 촉각소체 부위가 주파수에 따라 반응하는 모습을 볼 수 있었다. 주파수 대 반응 면적을 각 pixel의 개수와 signal percent change로 분석하여 주파수가 증가할수록 signal percent change의 분포는 넓어지고 더 많은 pixel들이 반응한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2006

Objective : Audio-evoked potential is technique used for measuring brain functions such as memory, attention, and concentration. Although a number of studies on acupuncture for pain, there are few reports on the effect of acupuncture cognitive function. Methods : Fifteen healthy volunteers with no neurological condition took part of the study. $(23.27{\pm}2.09)$. In this study, we examined the changes in auditory P300 by acupuncture stimulation to 'Oegwan' on the left hand. Auditory P300 was recorded before, during and after acupuncture. The amplitude and latency of P300 at Fz, Cz, Pz point were calculated. Results : Auditory P300 amplitude decreased during and after acupuncture, but there was no statistical significance.(P< .05) Auditory P300 latency significantly decreased during and after acupuncture.(P< .05) Conclusions : The decrease of Auditory P300 latency time suggests that acupuncture at Oegwan has some effects on the cognitive function.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary zinc on immune response in mice. Weanling male mice was placed individually in stainless steel cages and fed a zinc dificient diet and control diet. All mice were given deionized water ad libitum. The introduction of extraneous zinc was minimized in all cage by washing feed jars and water bottles sequentially with 4mM EDTA and conc-nitiric acid followed by deionized water. After 4 and 5 weeks of the diets, mice were immunized with lx 106 Naegleria fowleri intraperitoneally. Mice were weighed once a week. The results from this study are summarized as followed ; 1) Mice fed the zinc dificient diet showed growth retardation. After 3 weeks of diets, mean body weight of zinc deficient mice was 21.4g and that of control was 25.0g. This difference is singnificant statistically (p<0.01). The more time passed, the more remarkable difference was found. 2) The weigth of organs were measured on liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, heart, lung, brain. Difference in weight were observed only in liver and spleen. 3) Proliferative response of spleen cells of zinc deficient mice to con A was lower than that of control mice after one week on immunization(p<0.005). 4) Stimulation index was lower in zinc deficient mice to phytohemagglutinin after two weeks on immunization (p<0.05). 5) Blastogenesis of speen cells of zinc deficient mice to Naegleria fowleric lysate was lower after 10 days on immunization (p<0.05). 6) Immunoglobulin G antribody titers of zinc deficient mice sera by ELISA was lowered to control mice after 5 weeks on immunization (p<0.005).