• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1228-1232
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• 2000

Objective : This study was undertaken to analysis gamma knife radiosurgery(GKR) effect for trigeminal neuralgia after long term follow-up. Methods : There were 11 trigeminal neuralgia patients. The authors irradiated 67-85 Gy maximally to the nerve root entry zone(NREZ) using single 4mm collimator, just 1-6mm lateral side from the junction of the trigeminal nerve and pons. For the first 3 cases, we targeted the junction between the nerve and the pons. In theses cases, the pons was irradiated 56 or 60 gray in the surface. In the later 8 cases, the isocenter is positioned more distal side so that the brain stem surface would receive less than the 20% isodose. Results : The average follow-up duration was 25 months(13-50 months). Pain relief was noticed within a week to 5 months. In 3 patients, pain was relieved completely and in other 3 patients, mark improvement was achieved(80-90%). Remaining 4 patients showed significant improvement(30-50%). There was recurrence in only one case and she complained with similar intensity of pain at the last follow-up. There was no significant complication related to GKR. Conclusion : GKR is considered effective for trigeminal neuralgia based on the long term follow-up evaluation, but more clinical experience is needed to evaluate the efficacy of GKR for trigeminal neuralgia as a primary treatment modality.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.187-195
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• 2012

Objectives : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) is a progressive and incurable disease that causes degeneration of the motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to report the effectiveness of Sa-am acupuncture treatment on ALS patient. Methods : Following the stabilization period, a ALS patient respiratory figures(Et $C_{O2}$, Sp $_{O2}$, RR, pulse) were measured by using capnography & pulse oximetry for 30 minutes before acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture treatment such as lung tonification($SP_3(+){\cdot}LU_9(+){\cdot}HT_8(-){\cdot}LU_{10}(-)$), heart tonification($HT_9(+){\cdot}LR_1(+){\cdot}SI_8(-){\cdot}KI_{10}(-)$), liver tonification ($KI_{10}(+){\cdot}LR_8(+){\cdot}LU_8(-){\cdot}LR_4(-)$) were conducted for 5 days. Each Sa-am acupuncture treatment conducted at AM 7 : 00, AM 11 : 00, PM 4 : 30 of the day. During acupuncture treatment, the patient respiratory figures were measured equally for 30 minutes. The patient was treated by using Dong-bang acupuncture needles($0.30{\times}4.0$) and also stimulated using infra red. Results : The value of Et $C_{O2}$ has decreased more after Sa-am acupuncture lung tonification treatment than others. The value of pulse has decreased more after Sa-am acupuncture heart tonification treatment than others. The value of raspiration rate has decreased more after Sa-am acupuncture liver tonification treatment than others. And the value of Sp $O_2$ has increased more after Sa-am acupuncture liver tonification treatment than others. Conclusions : Although this study was subject to a few limitations, but it shows that Sa-am acupuncture treatment for ALS patients has a meaningful effect. This study needs to be developed further using a larger sample size to obtain more valuable and meaningful data.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 1996

Type I, II, III are regarded as "true" joint receptors, type IV is considered a class of pain receptor. Type I, II and III mechanoreceptors, via static and dynamic input, signal joint position, intraarticular pressure changes, and the direction, amplitude, and velocity of joint movements. Type I mechanoreceptor subserve both static and dynamic physiologic functions. Type I are found primarily in the stratum fibrosum of the joint capsule and ligaments. Type I receptors have a low threshold for activation and are allow to adapt to changes altering their firing frequency. Type II receptors have a low threshold for activation. These dynamic receptors respond to joint movement. Type II receptors are thus termed rapidly adapting. Type II joint receptors are located at the junction of the synovial membrane and fibrosum of the joint capsule and intraarticular and extraarticular fat pads. Type III receptors have been found in collateral ligaments of the joints of the extremities. Morphologically similar to Golgi tendon organ. These dynamic receptors have a high threshold to stimulation and are slowly adating. Type IV receptors possess free nerve ending that have been found in joint capsule and fat pads. They are not normally active, but respond to extreme mechanical deformation of the joint as well as to direct chemical or mechanical irritation. Small amplitude oscillatory and distraction movements(joint mobilization) techniques are used to stimulate the mechanoreceptors that may inhibit the transmission of nociceptors stimuli at the spinal cord or brain stem levels.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

Hearing loss is one of the most common birth defects among infants. Most of hearing-impaired children are not diagnosed until 1 to 3 years of age - which is too late for the critical period (6 month) for normal speech and language development. If a hearing impairment is identified and treated in its early stage, child's speech and language skills could be comparable to his or her normal-hearing peers. For these reasons, hearing screening at birth and throughout childhood is extremely important. ABR (Auditory brain-stem response) is nowadays one of the most reliable diagnostic tools in the early detection of hearing impairment. In this study, we have developed the system that automatically detects if there is hearing impairment or not for infants or children. For future studies, it will be developed as a portable system to be able to take a measurement not only in sound proof room but also in nursery for neonates.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.439-448
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• 1993

The B-type gamma knife unit was installed at Kyung-Hee University Hospital in March 1992. The selective beam plugging method can be used to reduce the low percentage isodose profiles of normal sensitive organ and to modify the isodose curves of treatment volume for better shaping of the target volume. For representing the changes of the low percentage isodose profiles, the variations of dose distribution for several cases were discussed in this paper. The film dosimetry was peformed for the evaluation of calculated isodose profiles predicted by KULA dose planning system. The results were verified by RFA-3 automatic densitometry. The clinical application of selective beam shielding method was peformed in 17 patients in 100 patients who have undergone gamma knife radiosurgery for a year. The calculated and the measured isodose profiles for the high percentage regions were well consistent with each other. When the target of pituitary tumor is macro-size, the selective beam shielding method is the most applicable method. When the target size, however, is small, the correct selection of the proper helmet size is very important. All patients were exposed almost about 3~12 Gy for brain stem, and 3~11.2 Gy for optic apparatus. It is recommended that the same or other plugging patterns with multiple isocenters should be used for protection of the radiosensitive normal structures with precise treatment of CNS lesions.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1996

Type I, II, III are regarded as "true" joint receptors, type IV is considered a class of pain receptor. Type I, II and III mechanoreceptors, via static and dynamic input, signal joint position, intraarticular pressure changes, and the direction, amplitude, and velocity of joint movements. Type I mechanoreceptor subserve both static and dynamic physiologic functions. Type I are found primarily in the stratum fibrosum of the joint capsule and ligaments. Type I receptors have a low threshold for activation and are allow to adapt to changes altering their firing frequency. Type II receptors have a low threshold for activation. These dynamic receptors respond to joint movement. Type II receptors are thus termed rapidly adapting. Type II joint receptors are located at the junction of the synovial membrane and fibrosum of the joint capsule and intraarticular and extraarticular fat pads. Type III receptors have been found in collateral ligaments of the joints of the extremities. Morphologically similar to Golgi tendon organ. These dynamic receptors have a high threshold to stimulation and are slowly adating. Type IV receptors possess free nerve ending that have been found in joint capsule and fat pads. They are not normally active, but respond to extreme mechanical deformation of the joint as well as to direct chemical or mechanical irritation. Small amplitude oscillatory and distraction movements(joint mobilization) techniques are used to stimulate the mechanoreceptors that may inhibit the transmission of nociceptors stimuli at the spinal cord or brain stem levels.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.649-653
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• 2001

The Chiari malformation is a deformation within the central nervous system which the lower brain stem and the cerebellum migrate into the foramen magnum causing herniation. In 1891, Arnold Chiari classified such symptoms into 3 categories. This case report is of a 8-year-old female with the complaint of a slight facial swelling and pain on the upper right molar during tooth brushing since 10 days before. Clinical examination showed gingival pocket formation on distal of the upper right first molar with pain and mobility of the tooth. Radiographic examination showed generalized low bone density in the upper molar area, and especially no bone support above the upper right and left first molars were noted. With a temporary diagnosis of Early-onset periodontitis, consultations with medical doctors for the possibility of an underlying systemic disease were made during periodontal treatment. 3D CT was taken with after a final diagnosis of Chiari malformation. Generalized thinning and defect of the cranial bone was noted and the foramen magnum was slightly enlarged. The occipital and maxillary bone was low in density, and the alveolar bone of maxillary posterior teeth was especially almost non-existing causing the upper right and left first molar to be floating. For this, the patient went under consultation with the department of neurosurgery and is still under observation. Periodontitis in childreren is very rare. When symptoms of periodontitis appear in a child, due to the possibility of an underlying systemic disease such as leukemia, histiocytosis X, and hypophosphatasia, proper examinations should be carried out so that the primary factor the symptoms can be treated.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose-volume indices and radiobiological indices according to the change in dose calculation grid size during the planning of nasopharyngeal cancer VMAT treatment. After performing the VMAT treatment plan using the 3.0 mm dose calculation grid size, dose calculation from 1.0 mm to 5.0 mm was performed repeatedly to obtain a dose volume histogram. The dose volume index and radiobiological index were evaluated using the obtained dose volume histogram. The smaller the dose calculation grid size, the smaller the mean dose for CTV and the larger the mean dose for PTV. For OAR of spinal cord, brain stem, lens and parotid gland, the mean dose did not show a significant difference according to the change in dose calculation grid size. The smaller the grid size, the higher the conformity of the dose distribution as the CI of the PTV increases. The CI and HI showed the best results at 3.0 mm. The smaller the dose calculation grid size, the higher the TCP of the PTV. The smaller the dose calculation grid size, the lower the NTCP of lens and parotid. As a result, when performing the nasopharynx cancer VMAT plan, it was found that the dose calculation grid size should be determined in consideration of dose volume index, radiobiological index, and dose calculation time. According to the results of various experiments, it was determined that it is desirable to apply a grid size of 2.0 - 3.0 mm.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.302-307
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• 2014

Many rhizobacteria can promote plant growth through various direct or indirect mechanisms, and their production of phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) may have pronounced effects on growth and development of plants. Rhizobacterial strain isolated from rhizosphere of foxtail (Setaria viridis), Acinetobacter sp. SW5 produced 118.1 mg/L of IAA and 4.5 mg/L of gibberellin ($GA_3$) in brain heart broth medium at 2 and 1 day of incubation, respectively. In a pot test the lengths of stem and root and fresh weight of the germinated tomato seedlings treated with Acinetobacter sp. SW5 significantly increased by 26.3, 33.3, and 105.3%, respectively compared to those of the uninoculated control in 12 weeks of cultivation. When the root exudate secreted from tomato seedlings was analyzed by HPLC, 3.75 ng mg tomato $root^{-1}$ of tryptophan which is an IAA precursor was detected. Acinetobacter sp. SW5 could produce $4.06{\mu}M$ of IAA from root exudate from 8 tomato seedlings. Together with the capability of growth of Acinetobacter sp. SW5 in the tomato root exudates, this IAA secreted by bacteria might contribute to enhance the growth of tomato plants.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.142-145
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• 2013

Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is a spontaneous neurologic disorder of horses, which results from the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem. An 8-year-old Jeju pony gelding presented with weight loss, muscle tremors, frequent recumbence, low head carriage, sweating, and standing with four limbs close together. The gelding has been on the same stable and limited access to pasture for several years. The gelding has been fed with dried hays and commercial concentrated feeds. Laboratory test revealed very low serum vitamin E level (0.14 ${\mu}g/mL$; reference range > 1.5 ${\mu}g/mL$), mildly elevated creatine kinase (402 IU/L; reference range 119-287 IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (876 IU/L; reference range 226-336 IU/L). Oral glucose absorption test showed decreased glucose absorption. Histopathologic examination using a biopsy specimen from sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle revealed atrophic and hypertrophic muscle fiber, centralization of nucleus, degenerating and necrotic muscle fibers. Taken together, the gelding was diagnosed as EMND. After oral vitamin E administrated for 5 weeks, the gelding showed normally improved stance, decreased periods of recumbency, improved head carriage and weight gain except consistent tremors. This is the first report that successfully treated EMND case occurred in a Jeju pony in Korea.