• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2023

Purpose: There is increasing attention to the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for enhancing cognitive functions in subjects to aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite varying treatment outcomes in tDCS which depend on the amount of current reaching the brain, there is no general information on the impacts of anatomical features associated with AD on tDCS-induced electric field. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine how AD-related anatomical variation affects the tDCS-induced electric field using computational modeling. Methods: We collected 180 magnetic resonance images (MRI) of AD patients and healthy controls from a publicly available database (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; ADNI), and MRIs were divided into female-AD, male-AD, female-normal, and male-normal groups. For each group, segmented brain volumes (cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, ventricle, rostral middle frontal (RMF), and hippocampus/amygdala complex) using MRI were measured, and tDCS-induced electric fields were simulated, targeting RMF. Results: For segmented brain volumes, significant sex differences were observed in the gray matter and RMF, and considerable disease differences were found in cerebrospinal fluid, ventricle, and hippocampus/amygdala complex. There were no differences in the tDCS-induced electric field among AD and normal groups; however, higher peak values of electric field were observed in the female group than the male group. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the presence of sex and disease differences in segmented brain volumes; however, this pattern differed in tDCS-induced electric field, resulting in significant sex differences only. Further studies, we will adjust the brain stimulation conditions to target the deep brain and examine the effects, because of significant differences in the ventricles and deep brain regions between AD and normal groups.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.447-454
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• 2006

1980년 이후로 치매, 파킨슨병, 운동신경질환 등 뇌질환 발생률이 급증하고 있으며 영국, 미국, 일본, 독일, 스페인의 발생률을 조사한 결과, 알츠하이머병을 포함한 치매 사망률이 남성경우 3배 이상 증가했고, 파킨슨병과 운동신경질환 등 뇌질환 사망률은 남녀가 약 50%씩 늘어난 것으로 나타났다. 유전적 이유로 보면 DNA변화로 추측되나 이에 대한 입증은 수백년이 걸리므로 실제 원인은 환경적 요인일 수 밖에 없다. 특히, 우려할 것은 급속히 증가하는 노인인구로 인한 노인성 질환 및 뇌질환의 대책이 무엇보다 요구되는 우리실정으로 발병하면 치료가 어렵고, 후유증이 심각하므로 무엇보다 예방이 중요하다. 위험인자와 발생위험을 조기에 알아낼 수 있도록 뇌혈관을 수시로 자가검사가 가능한 Cerebrovascular Ultrasonogram (뇌혈관 초음파)를 구현하여 특성 시험과 모델링화 하여 성능의 우수성을 입증하여 정리하였다. 차후 시스템을 보완하면 다른질병의 뇌질환 환자에도 적용이 될 것이고, 본 연구에서는 시제품을 직접 제작하여 비정형화 특성을 연구하고 접근해 보고자 노력하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2009

Biofilm has been described as a barrier, which produced by microorganisms to survive and protect themselves against various environments, like antibiotic agents. Staphylococcus spp. is a common cause of nosocomial and environmental infection. Thirty-six and thirty-five Staphylococci were isolated from animals and air, respectively. Based on the biofilm forming ability of the bacterium reported in our previous report, relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic-resistance was investigated in this study. Regarding antibiotics susceptibility, cefazolin was the most effective agent to the bacteria. Strong biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. isolates might have a higher antibiotic resistance than weak biofilm isolates regardless of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (p < 0.05). This result suggested that the chemical complexity of the biofilm might increase the antibiotic resistance due to the decrease of antibiotic diffusion into cells through the extensive matrix.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.10-26
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• 2019

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is an emerging new technology with considerable potential to treat various neurological diseases. With refinement of ultrasound transducer technology and integration with magnetic resonance imaging guidance, transcranial sonication of precise cerebral targets has become a therapeutic option. Intensity is a key determinant of ultrasound effects. High-intensity focused ultrasound can produce targeted lesions via thermal ablation of tissue. MRgFUS-mediated stereotactic ablation is non-invasive, incision-free, and confers immediate therapeutic effects. Since the US Food and Drug Administration approval of MRgFUS in 2016 for unilateral thalamotomy in medication-refractory essential tremor, studies on novel indications such as Parkinson's disease, psychiatric disease, and brain tumors are underway. MRgFUS is also used in the context of blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening at low intensities, in combination with intravenously-administered microbubbles. Preclinical studies show that MRgFUS-mediated BBB opening safely enhances the delivery of targeted chemotherapeutic agents to the brain and improves tumor control as well as survival. In addition, BBB opening has been shown to activate the innate immune system in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid plaque clearance and promotion of neurogenesis in these studies suggest that MRgFUS-mediated BBB opening may be a new paradigm for neurodegenerative disease treatment in the future. Here, we review the current status of preclinical and clinical trials of MRgFUS-mediated thermal ablation and BBB opening, described their mechanisms of action, and discuss future prospects.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2016

알츠하이머병은 치매를 일으키는 가장 흔한 퇴행성 뇌 질환이다. 뇌에 축적되는 베타 아밀로이드 단백질은 기억력감퇴, 언어능력 저하등 일상생활 수행 능력이 어렵게 된다. 베타 아밀로이드 플라그 농도는 인지장애를 가진 성인환자에서 알츠하이머 질환과 인지장애의 다른 원인인지를 평가하는 데 사용된다. 베타아밀로이드 단백질에 대한 높은 민감성과 특이성을 가진 $^{18}F$-Florbetaben을 이용하여 알츠하이머병을 조기진단에 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. $^{18}F$-FDG Brain 영상에서 특이소견 없음을 보인다. 그리고 MR-Brain 영상에서 해마의 위축이 없는 것으로 보였다. 하지만 $^{18}F$-Florobetaben에서 베타 아밀로이드의 섭취는 알츠하이머병의 진전이 되고 있음을 알려준다. 따라서, $^{18}F$-Florobetaben은 알츠하이머병을 조기 진단하는 데 매우 유용하다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2015

Neuroglial cells are fundamental for brain homeostasis and defense to intrinsic or extrinsic changes. Loss of their function and over-reactivity to stimuli contribute to the aging of brain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) could be caused by more dramatic response in neuroglia associated with various chemokines and cytokines. Neuroglia of the AD brain shares some phenotypes with aging neuroglia. In addition, neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation are commonly showed in neurodegeneration. Thus neuroglia would be a promising target for therapeutics of AD.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.11-34
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• 2001

1. Crinical applicational of Sagoonjatang are frequently used in internal disease, G.I.T(Gastro Intestianl Tract) disease, chronical fatigue, athma, etc. 2. Sagoonjatang adjacent prescriptions in pathological organs are the stomach, the spleen, the kidneys, the heart, the lungs. 3. Sagoonjatang partake chronic fatigue disease, G.I.T disease, pulmonary disease, brain blood barrier disease, infertility, vomiting of pregnancy, sedation of brain, healing mechanism, sweating regulation, urination, peripheral blood ciraculation, electrolyte blance, etc.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2002

Objective: This study was conducted to know the survival probability of the patients with cerebrovascular disease. Method: 1,341 patients who were suspected of having cerebrovascular disease clinically were investigated by telephone and NHIC (National Health Insurance Corporation) data. Conclusion: 1. The study population was grouped as 'Negative Brain CT findings' (11.8%), 'Hemorrhage' (12.4%) and 'Infarction' (75.7%). 2. The survival probabilities calculated by the Life Table method were statistically significant among brain CT finding groups (P<0.01). 3. The mean survival time calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method were also statistically significant among brain CT finding groups (P<0.01). 4. The result of Cox regression model was that sex (OR=0.7), age (OR=1.07), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.38), and heart disease (OR=1.69) affected the survival of the patients with cerebrovascular disease.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.223-231
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taro extract on brain resilience in in vitro Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Methods: To induce a neuroinflammatory reaction and the in vitro Parkinson's disease model, SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 6-OHDA, respectively. After that, cells were treated with at various concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL) of taro extract. Then nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, synaptophysin (SYP) and growth associated protein (GAP)-43 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression level were measured. Results: Taro extract significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO production. Meanwhile, iNOS and IL-6 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, taro increased the mRNA expression of SYP and GAP-43 mRNA. Conclusion: These findings indicate that taro played an important role in brain resilience by inhibiting neuronal cell death and promoting neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity. The results of this study suggest that taro may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative disease and become a new and safe therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

Silibinin is a polyphenolic flavonoid compound isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), with known hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant effects. Herein, we show that silibinin inhibits receptor activator of $NF-{\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 cells as well as from bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner. Silibinin has no effect on the expression of RANKL or the soluble RANKL decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblasts. However, we demonstrate that silibinin can block the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in osteoclast precursors in response to RANKL. Furthermore, silibinin attenuates the induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) expression during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. We demonstrate that silibinin can inhibit $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced osteoclastogenesis as well as the expression of NFATc1 and OSCAR. Taken together, our results indicate that silibinin has the potential to inhibit osteoclast formation by attenuating the downstream signaling cascades associated with RANKL and $TNF-{\alpha}$.