• 가정간호학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to identify the brain injury patients's disability degree and educational needs of family caregivers. Methods: A convenience sample of 94 families with brain injury patients, who have been receiving treatment at the neurological intensive care unit and neurosurgery ward, were used. Data was collected with a self-report questionnaire from September 5 to November 28, 2011, and was analyzed using SAS program. Results: 'Defecation/urination' disability was the highest score of patient's physical disability and the next ranking was 'paralysis'. 'Memory impairment' disability was the highest score of patient's cognitive disability, and the next ranking was 'personality changes'. Overall, educational needs of family caregivers scored 4.15 out of the perfect score of 5. The factor, which scored highest, was 'information related with disease'. In addition, educational needs of family caregivers were positively related with patient's degree of. Conclusion: Educational needs of family caregivers are distinct, according to the disability degree of brain injury patient. Therefore, the study suggests the development of individualized educational program for family with brain injury patient.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the improve on brain activity during action observation training for cerebral palsy of diplegia. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 18 subjects were divide into two groups: action observation training group and a control group. Action observation group practiced repeatedly the action with their motor skill and control group practiced conventional physical therapy. The subjects participated in eighteen 30-min sessions, 3 day a week, for 6week. To confirm the effects on brain activity were evaluated. Results: The results show that the Mu-rhythm was statistically significant increase on the C3 of the action observation training group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The action observation training improves brain activity of a cerebral palsy with diplegia. These results suggest that the action observation training is feasible and beneficial for improving brain activation for the cerebral palsy with diplegia. In the future, I think we need to be actively utilized to the action observation training program in the clinical with the neuromuscular development treatment. And the study on the various the action observation training program that can improve the function of the children with cerebral palsy is thought necessary.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2002

The nitrone-based free radical trapping reagent, $\alpha$-phenyl-n-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) has been proposed as therapeutic agent for stroke. We used this for model drug of development of new drug for neuroprotection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of PBN in Sprague-Dawly (SD) rats. The BBB transport of PBN was investigated in SD rats using internal carotid artery perfusion (ICAP) method at a rate of 4 mι/min for 15 second. We also obtained pharmacokinetic parameters of PBN using single intravenous injection technique. When we estimated BBB permeability of PBN with ICAP method, the brain volume of distribution of PBN was 60.0 $\pm$ 12.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ι. The brain uptake of PBN after IV injection at 120 min was 0.15 $\pm$ 0.01%ID/g. The PBN was transported to the brain through the BBB well in rats, because PBN is small molecule (MW 177) and lipid-soluble (log P 1.23) compound.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2022

To understand the microcircuitry of the brain, the anatomical and functional connectivity among neurons must be resolved. One of the technical hurdles to achieving this goal is that the anatomical connections, or synapses, are often smaller than the diffraction limit of light and thus are difficult to resolve by conventional microscopy, while the microcircuitry of the brain is on the scale of 1 mm or larger. To date, the gold standard method for microcircuit reconstruction has been electron microscopy (EM). However, despite its rapid development, EM has clear shortcomings as a method for microcircuit reconstruction. The greatest weakness of this method is arguably its incompatibility with functional and molecular analysis. Fluorescence microscopy, on the other hand, is readily compatible with numerous physiological and molecular analyses. We believe that recent advances in various fluorescence microscopy techniques offer a new possibility for reliable synapse detection in large volumes of neural circuits. In this minireview, we summarize recent advances in fluorescence-based microcircuit reconstruction. In the same vein as these studies, we introduce our recent efforts to analyze the long-range connectivity among brain areas and the subcellular distribution of synapses of interest in relatively large volumes of cortical tissue with array tomography and superresolution microscopy.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.738-742
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• 2005

고령화 현상에 의한 노인 인구의 증가에 따라 노인성 질환연구의 중요성이 대두되고 있으며, 특히 노인성 질환 중 가장 문제되는 치매(dementia)에서 노인성 치매(Alzhemier's disease)는 복합적 인 원인에 의 해서 나타나므로 다양한 관점에서의 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 마우스에 scopolamin(30 mg/kg BW)을 투여하여 기억${\cdot}$학습장애를 유발하고, 뇌조직의 아세틸콜린 및 그 관련 효소에 미치는 도토리 분말의 영향을 분석하였다. 뇌의 가장 중요한 신경전달 물질로서 아세틸콜린 생성에 미치는 도토리 분말 투여효과를 비교하였을 때, AP-5및 AP-10 투여군에서 $4.2\%$ 및 $11.3\%$의 ACh 합성이 증가하는 경향이 나타났으며, ACh의 분해효소인 acetylcholinesterase(AChE)의 활성은 AP-5 및 AP-10의 도토리 분말 투여군에서 $13.5\%$ 및 $17.6\%$로서 AChE효소활성이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 그리고 카테롤아민계 신경전달물질의 파괴에 관계하는MAO-B효소의 활성은 AP-5 및 AP-10의 도토리 분말 투여군에서 $10.0\%$ 및 $12.7\%$로서 도토리 분말 투여에 의해 MAO-B효소활성이 현저하게 억제되었다. 따라서 도토리는 AChE 효소의 활성을 저해하여 ACh의 농도를 높일 뿐만 아니라 MAO-B효소의 활성을 효과적으로 억제하여 카테콜아민계 신경전달물질을 잘 보존함으로써 치매 예방에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.12-15
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• 2005

Objective : Cerebral edema develops in the brain tumors by loosening of the endothelial tight junction. Tight junction[TJ] proteins, such as occludin and claudin bind adjacent cells tightly. Authors examine the expression rate of occludin in human brain tumors to evaluate the effect of altered expression of occludin on cerebral edema. Methods : Seventy surgical specimens stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ were used. It included 14 astrocytic tumors, 27 meningiomas, 12 scwannomas, 7 pituitary adenomas, 6 hemangioblastomas. and 4 craniopharyngiomas. After protein extraction, expression of occludin was investigated by Western blot analysis. The tumors were classified according to World Health Organization[WHO] classification. Results : The expression rates of occludin in brain tumors were : glioma [8/14=57.1%]. meningioma [16/27=59.3%], schwannoma [10/12=83.3%], pituitary adenoma [6/7=85.7%], hemangioblastoma [6/6=100%], and craniopharyngioma [3/4=75.0%]. The expression rate in glioma and meningioma was lower than other brain tumors. In gliomas, high grade tumor [1/4=25.0%] exhibited lower expression rate of occludin than low grade one [7/10=70.0%]. Conclusion : These results suggest that the expression of occludin is different among the various kinds of brain tumors. In gliomas, its expression is correlated with the histological grade. It may indicate that occludin plays a role in the development of edema in the brain tumors.

• Brain Tumor Research and Treatment
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2018

Brain tumors represent a diverse spectrum of histology, biology, prognosis, and treatment options. Although MRI remains the gold standard for morphological tumor characterization, positron emission tomography (PET) can play a critical role in evaluating disease status. This article focuses on the use of PET with radiolabeled glucose and amino acid analogs to aid in the diagnosis of tumors and differentiate between recurrent tumors and radiation necrosis. The most widely used tracer is $^{18}F$-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Although the intensity of FDG uptake is clearly associated with tumor grade, the exact role of FDG PET imaging remains debatable. Additionally, high uptake of FDG in normal grey matter limits its use in some low-grade tumors that may not be visualized. Because of their potential to overcome the limitation of FDG PET of brain tumors, $^{11}C$-methionine and $^{18}F$-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (FDOPA) have been proposed. Low accumulation of amino acid tracers in normal brains allows the detection of low-grade gliomas and facilitates more precise tumor delineation. These amino acid tracers have higher sensitivity and specificity for detecting brain tumors and differentiating recurrent tumors from post-therapeutic changes. FDG and amino acid tracers may be complementary, and both may be required for assessment of an individual patient. Additional tracers for brain tumor imaging are currently under development. Combinations of different tracers might provide more in-depth information about tumor characteristics, and current limitations may thus be overcome in the near future. PET with various tracers including FDG, $^{11}C$-methionine, and FDOPA has improved the management of patients with brain tumors. To evaluate the exact value of PET, however, additional prospective large sample studies are needed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.100005.1-100005.15
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• 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with a complex genetic basis, presenting both in familial and sporadic forms. The hexanucleotide (G₄C₂) repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene, which triggers distinct pathogenic mechanisms, has been identified as a major contributor to familial and sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. Animal models have proven pivotal in understanding these mechanisms; however, discrepancies between models due to variable transgene sequence, expression levels, and toxicity profiles complicate the translation of findings. Herein, we provide a systematic comparison of 7 publicly available Drosophila transgenes modeling the G₄C₂ expansion under uniform conditions, evaluating variations in their toxicity profiles. Further, we tested 3 previously characterized disease-modifying drugs in selected lines to uncover discrepancies among the tested strains. Our study not only deepens our understanding of the C9orf72 G₄C₂ mutations but also presents a framework for comparing constructs with minute structural differences. This work may be used to inform experimental designs to better model disease mechanisms and help guide the development of targeted interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, thus bridging the gap between model-based research and therapeutic application.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2016

The arginylation branch of the N-end rule pathway is a ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system in which post-translational conjugation of Arg by ATE1-encoded Arg-tRNA-protein transferase to N-terminal Asp, Glu, or oxidized Cys residues generates essential degradation signals. Here, we characterized the ATE1^−/− mice and identified the essential role of N-terminal arginylation in neural tube development. ATE1-null mice showed severe intracerebral hemorrhages and cystic space near the neural tubes. Expression of ATE1 was prominent in the developing brain and spinal cord, and this pattern overlapped with the migration path of neural stem cells. The ATE1^−/− brain showed defective G-protein signaling. Finally, we observed reduced mitosis in ATE1^−/− neuroepithelium and a significantly higher nitric oxide concentration in the ATE1^−/− brain. Our results strongly suggest that the crucial role of ATE1 in neural tube development is directly related to proper turn-over of the RGS4 protein, which participate in the oxygen-sensing mechanism in the cells.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2014

Mushrooms are considered not only as food but also for source of physiologically beneficial medicines. The culinary-medicinal mushrooms may important role in the prevention of age-associated neurological dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus), is edible mushrooms, is a parasitic fungus that grows hanging off of logs and trees and well established candidate for brain and nerve health. H. erinaceus contains high amounts of antioxidants, beta-glucan, polysaccharides and a potent catalyst for brain tissue regeneration and helps to improve memory and cognitive functions. Its fruiting bodies and the fungal mycelia exhibit various pharmacological activities, including the enhancement of the immune system, antitumor, hypoglycemic and anti-aging properties. H. erinaceus stimulates the synthesis of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) which is the primary protein nutrient responsible for enhancing and repairing neurological disorders. Especially hericenones and erinacines isolated from its fruitin body stimulate NGF, synthesis. This fungus is also utilized to regulate blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. H. erinaceus can be considered as useful therapeutic agents in the management and/or treatment of neurodegeneration diseases. However, this review focuses on in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials for neurodegerative disease.