• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2016

Background: Failure to maintain a patent airway can result in brain damage or death. In patients with mandibular prognathism or retrognathism, intubation is generally thought to be difficult. We determined the degree of difficulty of airway management in patients with mandibular deformity using anatomic criteria to define and grade difficulty of endotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy. Methods: Measurements were performed on 133 patients with prognathism and 33 with retrognathism scheduled for corrective esthetic surgery. A case study was performed on 89 patients with a normal mandible as the control group. In all patients, mouth opening distance (MOD), mandibular depth (MD), mandibular length (ML), mouth opening angle (MOA), neck extension angle (EXT), neck flexion angle (FLX), thyromental distance (TMD), inter-notch distance (IND), thyromental area (TMA), Mallampati grade, and Cormack and Lehane grade were measured. Results: Cormack and Lehane grade I was observed in 84.2%, grade II in 15.0%, and grade III in 0.8% of mandibular prognathism cases; among retrognathism cases, 45.4% were grade I, 27.3% grade II, and 27.3% grade III; among controls, 65.2% were grade I, 26.9% were grade II, and 7.9% were grade III. MOD, MOA, ML, TMD, and TMA were greater in the prognathism group than in the control and retrognathism groups (P < 0.05). The measurements of ML were shorter in retrognathism than in the control and prognathism groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Laryngoscopic intubation was easier in patients with prognathism than in those with normal mandibles. However, in retrognathism, the laryngeal view grade was poor and the ML was an important factor.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2002

Sasang Constitutional Medicine is based on the diversity of human being and medically developed the variation of response to diseases and medicines. The diversity is categorized as four groups Taeyangin, Taeumin, Soyangin, Soeumin according to morphology, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. The phenotypes of Sasang constitutions represent that constitutions may be possessed of the different genetic backgrounds. To clarify the genetic difference among the Sasang constitutions, we performed a genetic analysis with the 3'-UTR polymorphism of ADPRT (rs=8679) as a pooled DNA sequencing method. ADPRT modulates various nuclear proteins by poly(ADP-ribosy)lation and is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and tumor transformation. This gene is also involved in the recovery of cell from DNA damage and the brain infarction. The allele frequencies of [T/C] polymorphism of ADPRT of Soeumin and Soyangin groups were (T: 0.94/C: 0.06) and that of Taeumin and Taeyangin groups were (T: l.00/C: 0.00). The allele frequency was not showed the difference between constitution groups. This result represented that the [T/C] polymorphism of ADPRT 3' UTR region was not suitable to classify the constitutions. However, this study is the first trial of Sasang classification according to genetic polymorphism and further analysis will be necessarily to classify the genetic difference of Sasang constitution.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.1082-1093
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• 2021

Objective: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive, irreversible brain damage and cognitive decline. Although the diagnosis and treatment of the prodromal symptoms of dementia are important, no treatment for mild cognitive impairment has been currently established. Herein, we report the case of an 80-year-old female patient with memory complaints treated with Gugijihwang-tang, a traditional Korean medicine herbal formula, as an add-on medication. Case Presentation: The patient was diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment based on clinical examinations using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale, Global Deterioration (GDR) Scale, and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale. She was treated with Gugijihwang-tang bis in die for 12 months while continuing her original medications, including 5-mg donepezil and 590-mg acetyl-l-carnitine. The MMSE score in the Korean Version of the CERAD Assessment Packet increased from 21 to 27 during the 12-month treatment period, and the CERAD 2 score increased from 33 to 62. The instrumental ADL scale score improved from 11 to 5. Other clinical examination results also showed improvement. The patient was satisfied and experienced no significant adverse events related to the Gugijihwang-tang treatment. Conclusion: This case suggests that Gugijihwang-tang could be considered as a treatment method for patients with mild cognitive impairment.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.125-134
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• 2018

Purpose: The interest in the personal mobility started to grow and as the interest increases, there are growing concerns about the safety of it. The purpose of the study is to look at the types and dynamics of patients injured by the personal mobilities. Methods: This was a retrospective 2-year observational study, from January 2016 to December 2017, on the patients who visited the emergency center and the trauma center, with an injury related to driving the personal mobility. Cases of the personal mobility-related accident were collected based on electronic medical records and hospital emergency department-based injury in-depth surveillance data. Results: A total of 65 patients visited the emergency center and the trauma center, during this study period. Six patients of 50 adults admitted the alcohol consumption (12%) and two adult patients wore the helmet as the protection gear (3.1%). The number of the patients in 2017 rises three times more than the number of patients in 2016 (51 vs. 14). Injuries to the head and neck region (67.7%) was the most common, followed by the upper extremity (46.2%). Eleven patients (16.9%) were admitted to the hospital, of whom three were admitted to the intensive care unit due to intracranial hemorrhage. Nine patients underwent surgery. Conclusions: The use of the personal mobility will continue to grow and the accidents, caused by the vehicle, will increase along with it. The study showed the damage is worse than expected. Personal mobility currently has a limited safety laws and the riders are not yet fully aware of its danger. The improvement of the regulation of the personal mobility, safety education is needed.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2019

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent age-related human neurological disorder. The characteristics of AD include senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of synapses and neurons in the brain. ${\beta}-Amyloid$ ($A{\beta}$) peptide is the predominant proteinaceous component of senile plaques. The amyloid hypothesis states that $A{\beta}$ initiates the cascade of events that result in AD. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing plays an important role in $A{\beta}$ production, which initiates synaptic and neuronal damage. ${\delta}-Catenin$ is known to be bound to presenilin-1 (PS-1), which is the main component of the ${\gamma}-secretase$ complex that regulates APP cleavage. Because PS-1 interacts with both APP and ${\delta}-catenin$, it is worth studying their interactive mechanism and/or effects on each other. Our immunoprecipitation data showed that there was no physical association between ${\delta}-catenin$ and APP. However, we observed that ${\delta}-catenin$ could reduce the binding between PS-1 and APP, thus decreasing the PS-1 mediated APP processing activity. Furthermore, ${\delta}-catenin$ reduced PS-1-mediated stabilization of APP. The results suggest that ${\delta}-catenin$ can influence the APP processing and its level by interacting with PS-1, which may eventually play a protective role in the degeneration of an Alzheimer's disease patient.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2019

Background: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a life-threatening disease with high mortality. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of surgical embolectomy and to clarify the sustained long-term effects of surgery by comparing preoperative, postoperative, and long-term follow-up echocardiography outcomes. Of 22 survivors, 21 were followed up for a mean (median) period of $6.8{\pm}5.4years$ (4.2 years). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 27 surgical embolectomy cases for massive or submassive acute PTE from 2003 to 2016. Immediate and long-term follow-up outcomes of surgical embolectomy were assessed on the basis of 30-day mortality, long-term mortality, postoperative complications, right ventricular systolic pressure, and tricuspid regurgitation grade. Results: The 30-day and long-term mortality rates were 14.8% (4 of 27) and 4.3% (1 of 23), respectively. Three patients had major postoperative complications, including hypoxic brain damage, acute kidney injury, and endobronchial b leeding, respectively (3.7% each). Right ventricular systolic pressure (median [range], mm Hg) decreased from 62.0 (45.5-78.5) to 31.0 (25.7-37.0, p<0.001). The tricuspid valve regurgitation grade (median [range]) decreased from 1.5 (0.63-2.00) to 0.50 (0.50-1.00, p<0.05). The improvement lasted until the last echocardiographic follow-up. Conclusion: Surgical embolectomy revealed favorable mortality and morbidity rates in patients with acute massive or submassive PTE, with sustained long-term improvements in cardiac function.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.543-551
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• 2021

Objective : Hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and hypertensive retinopathy are known end organ damage of the brain and eye respectively, with HS having deleterious consequence to the patients. This study is to correlate between hypertensive retinopathy and HS in hypertensive disease. Methods : A control group of hypertensive patients only, and an investigated group of hypertensive HS patients. Fundoscopic examination to determine the grade of retinopathy was performed and then divided into low or high severity hypertensive retinopathy. Clinical and radiological parameter included are demography, vital signs, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission, clot volume, site of clot, Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Data were correlated with the severity of hypertensive retinopathy. Results : Fifty patient in the control group and 51 patients in the investigated group were recruited. In the hypertensive HS group, 21 had low severity retinopathy (no or mild retinopathy) accounting for 41.2% and 30 patients had high severity (moderate or severe retinopathy). In the hypertensive patients 49 had low severity and one had high severity (p-value of 0.001). In HS group low severity showed better GCS score of 9-15 on admission (p-value of 0.003), clot volume less than 30 mL (p-value 0.001), and also a better 30 days mortality rate by using the ICH score (p-value 0.006), GOS score of 4 and 5 the low severity retinopathy fair better than the high severity retinopathy (p-value of 0.001), and the relative risk to develop HS in low severity and high severity retinopathy was 0.42 and 29.4, respectively. Conclusion : Hypertensive retinopathy screening could be used as an indicator in hypertensive patient, to evaluate the risk of developing hypertensive HS in the future.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

The following recommendations are presented herein: All trauma patients admitted to the resuscitation room should be constantly (or periodically) monitored for parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, electrocardiography, Glasgow Coma Scale, and pupil reflex (1C). Chest AP and pelvic AP should be performed as the standard initial trauma series for severe trauma patients (1B). In patients with severe hemodynamically unstable trauma, it is recommended to perform extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (eFAST) as an initial examination (1B). In hemodynamically stable trauma patients, eFAST can be considered as the initial examination (2B). For the diagnosis of suspected head trauma patients, brain computed tomography (CT) should be performed as an initial examination (1B). Cervical spine CT should be performed as an initial imaging test for patients with suspected cervical spine injury (1C). It is not necessary to perform chest CT as an initial examination in all patients with suspected chest injury, but in cases of suspected vascular injury in patients with thoracic or high-energy damage due to the mechanism of injury, chest CT can be considered for patients in a hemodynamically stable condition (2B). CT of the abdomen is recommended for patients suspected of abdominal trauma with stable vital signs (1B). CT of the abdomen should be considered for suspected pelvic trauma patients with stable vital signs (2B). Whole-body CT can be considered in patients with suspicion of severe trauma with stable vital signs (2B). Magnetic resonance imaging can be considered in hemodynamically stable trauma patients with suspected spinal cord injuries (2B).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.173-193
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most representative neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by the excessive production of amyloid beta (Aβ). Several studies on the antioxidant activity and protective effects of Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT) against cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage have been reported. Based on this background, the present study investigated the protective effects of PT against cognitive impairment in AD. MATERIALS/METHODS: We orally administered PT (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days in an Aβ_25-35-induced mouse model and conducted behavioral experiments to test cognitive ability. In addition, we evaluated the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and measured the production of lipid peroxide, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues. RESULTS: PT treatment improved the space perceptive ability in the T-maze test, object cognitive ability in the novel object recognition test, and spatial learning/long-term memory in the Morris water-maze test. Moreover, the levels of AST and ALT were not significantly different among the groups, indicating that PT did not show liver toxicity. Furthermore, administration of PT significantly inhibited the production of lipid peroxide, NO, and ROS in the brain, liver, and kidney, suggesting that PT protected against oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that administration of PT improved Aβ_25-35-induced cognitive impairment by regulating oxidative stress. Therefore, we propose that PT could be used as a natural agent for AD improvement.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.216-230
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• 2022

SERTA domain-containing protein 1 (Sertad1) is upregulated in the models of DNA damage and Alzheimer's disease, contributing to neuronal death. However, the role and mechanism of Sertad1 in ischemic/hypoxic neurological injury remain unclear. In the present study, our results showed that the expression of Sertad1 was upregulated in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model and in HT22 cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Sertad1 knockdown significantly ameliorated ischemia-induced brain infarct volume, neurological deficits and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, it significantly ameliorated the OGD/R-induced inhibition of cell viability and apoptotic cell death in HT22 cells. Sertad1 knockdown significantly inhibited the ischemic/hypoxic-induced expression of p-Rb, B-Myb, and Bim in vivo and in vitro. However, Sertad1 overexpression significantly exacerbated the OGD/R-induced inhibition of cell viability and apoptotic cell death and p-Rb, B-Myb, and Bim expression in HT22 cells. In further studies, we demonstrated that Sertad1 directly binds to CDK4 and the CDK4 inhibitor ON123300 restores the effects of Sertad1 overexpression on OGD/R-induced apoptotic cell death and p-Rb, B-Myb, and Bim expression in HT22 cells. These results suggested that Sertad1 contributed to ischemic/hypoxic neurological injury by activating the CDK4/p-Rb pathway.