• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.938-947
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• 2016

Antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Dendropanax morbifera (EFDM) against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity were investigated to confirm their physiological activities. An 80% ethanolic extract of D. morbifera showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds as well as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities. The extract was fractionated using several solvents, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activities in ferric reducing/antioxidant power and malondialdehyde inhibitory assays. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect based on antioxidant activities, cell viability was assessed using PC12 and MC-IXC cells in $H_2O_2$- and high glucose-induced cytotoxic assays, respectively. EFDM evidently showed neuroprotective effects in all cells (neuron-like PC12 cells and human brain-originated neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells). Inhibitory effect of the extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme was performed to examine the effect on cognitive function. EFDM presented an AChE inhibitory effect. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the major phenolic compound of EFDM is probably a rutin.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.3 s.68
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• pp.441-452
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• 1998

The c-fos is known as neuronal marker of second neurons which is activated by noxious peripheral stimulation. To investigate the changes of c-fos el(pression in the trigeminal nucleus complex during tooth movement, immunohistochemical study was performed. Experimental rats(9 weeks old, 210 gm 21 rats) were divided into seven groups(normal, 1 hour group, 3 hour group, 6 hour group, 12 hour group, 1 day group,3 day group). Rats in the normal group were anesthesized without orthodontic force. Rats in the experimental groups were applied orthodontic force (approximately 30 gm) to upper right maxillary molar. Frozen sections of brain stem were immunostained using rabbit antisera. The changes of c-fos expression were observed with respect to rostrocaudal distribution, laminar organization, md duration of orthodontic force application. The study results were as follows $\cdot$The c-fos nuclei in the dorsal part were observed from ipsilateral transition zone of subnucleus interpolaris and subnucleus caudalis to $C_1$ cervical dorsal horn rostrocaudally. The maximal peak point was the rostral part of subnucleus caudalis. The greatest proportion of c-fos cells were located within lamina I and II. $\cdot$The c-fos nuclei in the dorsal Part were observed from the most caudal part of subnucleus interpolaris to the middle part of the subnucleus caudalis. $\cdot$The number of c-fos immunoreactive dot increased at 1 hour group, reached its maximum at the 3 and 6 hour groups, and showed a decreasing trend after 12 hours. These results imply that nociceptive stimulation caused by continuous orthodontic force might be modulated by transition zone of subnucleus interpolaris and subnucleus caudalis, subnucleus caudalis, $C_1$ spinal dorsal hem.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2004

Objectives：The effects of repeated maternal separation on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in the hippocampus of rat pups at preweanling stage were evaluated. Methods：The experimental, Repeated Maternal Separation group(N=4) was separated from the mother for four hours a day over a period of ten days beginning with postnatal day 4. The Control group(N=4), on the other hand, did not separated from the mother at all. GR and COX-2 expression in the hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry on postnatal day 14. Results：It was determined that the number of GR-immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was significantly increased in the Repeated Maternal Separation group. The numbers of COX-2-immunopositive cells in the CA1 and CA3 were also significantly higher in the Repeated Maternal Separation group. Conclusion：These results suggest that maternal separation may be a significant developmental stress that induces GR and COX-2 expression in the hippocampus of developing pups.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

In the past decade, we have observed rapid advances in the development of biochips in many fields including medical and environmental monitoring. Biochip experiments involve immobilizing a ligand on a solid substrate surface, and monitoring its interaction with an analyte in a sample solution. Metal nanoparticles can display extinction bands on their surfaces. These charge density oscillations are simply known as the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The high sensitivity of LSPR has been utilized to design biochips for the label-free detection of biomolecular interactions with various ligands. LSPR-based optical biochips and biosensors are easy to fabricate, and the apparatus cost for the evaluation of optical characteristics is lower than that for the conventional surface plasmon resonance apparatus. Furthermore, the operation procedure has become more convenient as it does not require labeling procedure. In this paper, we review the recent advances in LSPR research and also describe the LSPR-based optical biosensor constructed with a core-shell dielectric nanoparticle biochip for its application to label-free biomolecular detections such as antigen-antibody interaction.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.163-179
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• 2012

This study was prepared to develop American sauce with different amounts of salt through high pressure extraction and examined difference in its mechanical and sensory characteristics. Furthermore, it aimed to provide practical materials for the mass production of American sauce and other crustacean sauce products and to contribute to the development of products with superior quality and functionality by standardizing traditional cooking techniques in the food service industry. In American sauce, salt content did not have a significant effect on water content and ash content but had a significant effect on color, pH and salinity. Na and K contents increased with increasing salt content. In addition, Mg and P contents were highest in J4 containing 0.4% of salt, but they did not show any regular tendency according to salt content. For total free amino acids, 29 kinds were detected in J0 and J1, 30 in J2, 31 in J3, and 33 in J4. Detection was highest in J3 containing 0.3% of salt, and the content level was highest particularly for arginine among essential amino acids, for glutamic acid, alanine, serine, ${\beta}$-alanine and ${\alpha}$-aminoadipic acid among flavor enhancing amino acids, and for ${\gamma}$-Aminoisobutyric acid among other amino acids. We measured lipid peroxidation in American sauce using lipid extracted from a mouse brain and confirmed that the amount of antioxidant substances extracted was largest in J0 containing no salt. The results of measuring lipid peroxidation and DPPH showed that the antioxidant effect was high when salt was not contained. In the results of the sensory test, overall quality was highest in J3 containing 0.3% of salt, showing that the addition of salt affects the evaluation of overall quality. Summing up the presents of this study as presented above, we cannot expect an effect of antioxidant functionality; however, according to the results of the mechanical quality evaluation and the sensory test, American sauce containing 0.3% of salt is considered the optimal product in terms of quality. Using these results as practical materials for the mass production of crustacean sauce products, we expect to standardize traditional cooking techniques in the food service industry and to develop products with high quality and functionality.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.376-387
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• 1999

Purpose : To provide fundamental data to present further direction of education on Nursing Ethics by investigating the status of Nursing Ethics education performed at 4-year-Colleges of Nursing. Korea. Methods : A descriptive survey study The data collected from 28 universities through a questionnaire to examine the status of Nursing Ethics education in Korea. Results : I. Teaching Nursing Ethics class as a independent subject-6(21.4%) universities. 1) The average of 23.67 hours(2 credits) in the total educational hours. 2) Teaching method-theoretical class, discussion of case study, discussion of related issues, presentation of video tapes and discussion, team education, role play, and submission of reports. 3) Education contents-Nursing profession and ethics, the dignity of human life, necessity of bioethics, ethical theory and refutation, code for nurses, ethical issues between nurses and patients, nurses and co-workers, and nurses and nurses 6 universities 4) 5 universities-Included ethical decision making, artificial insemination, external insemination, artificial abortion, organ transplantation, brain death, human subject of study suicide, and euthanasia. II. Teaching Nursing Ethics as an inclusive theme in other subjects-22 (78.57%) universities. 1) Educated in Introduction of Nursing (14 universities), Nursing Management, Nursing Ethics and Philosophy, Special Nursing, Nursing and Law, and Professional Nursing. 2) Educational course-Taught in freshman level at 14 universities, average 9.32 education hours. Conclusion: Showed not only that universities, not operating Nursing Ethics as a independent class, unreasonably operate and assign too many contents in comparing with its education hours and are likely to become only a cramming education but also professors whose major is not Nursing Ethics presently in charge need to take a chance to supplement their knowledge and teaching method.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.171-180
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• 2003

The development of calvarial bones is tighly co-ordinated with the growth of the brain and needs of harmonious interactions between different tissues within the calvarial sutures. Premature fusion of cranial sutures, known as craniosynostosis, presumably involves disturbance of these interactions. Mutations in the homeobox-containg gene Msx2 cause human craniosynostosis syndrome. Msx genes, which are consist of Msx1, Msx2 and Msx3, are homeobox-containg transcripton factors, and were originally identified as homologue of Drosophila msh(muscle segment homeobox) gene. Msx1 and Msx2 genes, expressed mostly in overlapping patterns at multiple site of tissue interactions during vertebrate development, are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis, targets of BMP and FGF signaling. To elucidate the function of Msx genes in the early morphogenesis of mouse cranial suture, we analyzed the expression of them by in situ hybridization during embryonic(E15-E18) stage, and did vivo experiments in E15.5 mouse using rhBMP-2, rhFGF-2 protein soaked bead. In the sagittal suture, Msx1 was expressed in the mesenchyme of suture and the dura mater, Msx2 was intensely expressed in the sutural mesenchyme and the dura mater. In the coronal suture both of Msx genes were expressed intensely in the sutural mesenchyme and expressed in the periosteum also. Msx1 had a broader expression pattern than Msx2. BMP2 beads induced expression of both Msx1 and Msx2, FGF2 beads induced expression of Msx1, but not Msx2. Taken together, these data suggest that Msx1 and Msx2 genes have important role in regulating the morphogenesis and maintenance of embryonic cranial suture. Both of Msx genes are expressed similarly but because of their upstream signaling, they function dependently or cooperatively according to change of signaling molecule.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1174-1181
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• 2008

Garlics were aged at 60, 70, 80, and $90^{\circ}C$ for 1, 3 and 6 days. Samples were analyzed for physico-chemical components and antioxidant activities, such as DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power of hot water and ethanol extracts. The Hunter L, a and b values were significantly lower in sample aged at higher temperature and for longer time. In initiation of aging, the share force was the lowest in sample aged at $90^{\circ}C(85.70{\pm}1.44\;kg/cm^2)$ and it increased for 6 days to $411.30{\pm}13.90\;kg/cm^2$ in aging. The pH of garlic was acidified at increasing aged temperature and periods. In sample aged for 6 days at $60^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$, pH was 6.12 and 3.90, respectively. Contents of total phenolics and flavonoids also increased in sample aged at higher temperature and for longer time. Their contents increased about 3.5 and 9.1 times higher in sample aged for 6 days at $90^{\circ}C$ than sample aged for 6 days at $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Total pyruvate contents were fluctuated by aging temperature and periods. DPPH scavenging activity was increased in sample aged at higher temperature and longer time. The highest activity of DPPH scavenging showed $87.48{\pm}0.20%$ in sample aged for 6 days at $90^{\circ}C$. Similar results were observed in reducing power activity. It was estimated that such increases in anti-oxidant activities in aged garlics may come from actions of phenolics, flavonoids and browning compounds in them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1649-1655
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• 2009

The antioxidant activities of water extracts from wild vegetables such as Ligularia fischeri (GC), Capsicum annuum L. (GCY), Aster scaber (CNM), Petasites japonicus S. et Z. Max (MYD), Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam) (GGM) were evaluated and compared with water extracts from freeze dried block. The antioxidant properties of water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block were evaluated using different antioxidant tests; 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activities. The water extracts from wild vegetables were found to have a higher total phenolic content than water extracts from freeze dried block. Total phenolic contents of water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM were $471.66{\pm}3.52\;{\mu}g/mg,\;141.33{\pm}2.51\;{\mu}g/mg,\;177.33{\pm}2.88\;{\mu}g/mg,\;238.66{\pm}9.50\;{\mu}g/mg\;and\;122.67{\pm}3.51\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. At the concentrations of 1000 ppm, water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, and GGM showed higher activities than water extracts from their freeze dried block on DPPH radical scavenger activity. The activity of water extracts from CNM, GC, GCY, MYD, and GGM were 90.9%, 89.9%, 76.6%, 71.1%, and 57.4%, respectively. When 10000 ppm of GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM water extracts tested for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, activities were increased by 38.8%, 33.4%, 35.9%, 34.3%, and 33.8%, respectively and a similar effect was found with water extracts from GCY, CNM, and GGM freeze dried block at 10000 ppm concentration. However, the water extracts from GC and MYD was slightly more effective than freeze dried block extracts. The water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block had effective DPPH radical scavenger activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at all tested concentrations. Nitrite scavenging activity of GC water extract significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and the extract had higher nitrite scavenging activity than extracts freeze dried block extracts. We found that freeze dried block maintained antioxidant activities of the wild vegetables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the mutagenic, antimutagenic, cytotoxicity and antitumor effects of Adenophora triphylla (AT). AT was extracted with 70% ethanol and then further fractionated to hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Antimutagenic, cytotoxicity and antitumor effects of AT extracts were measured by using Ames test, SRB method, and the tumor growth inhibition test. AT extracts did not show any mutagenicity in the Ames test; however, 70% ethanol extracts and its fractions had strong antimutagenic effects against mutation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). The ethyl acetate fraction of AT (200 ${\mu}g$/plate) showed approximately 66.5% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against TA98 strain, whereas 83.3% and 75.1% inhibitions were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG and 4NQO against TA100 strain. In anticancer effects, the cytotoxicity of AT extract and its fractions against cancer cell lines including human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human gastric carcinoma (AGS), human lung carcinoma (A549) and transformed primary human embryo kidney (293) were investigated. The treatment of 1 mg/mL AT ethyl acetate faction had the highest cytotoxicity of 79.9%, 74.9%, 66.0%, 71.0% and 74.3% against HeLa, Hep3B, MCF-7, AGS and A549 cells, respectively. In contrast, the extract and its fractions showed only $3{\sim}36%$ cytotoxicity for a normal human kidney cell line (293). In vivo anti-cancer effect of Adenophora triphylla extract was tested using Balb/c mice transplanted sarcoma-180 cells. Adenophora triphylla ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibition rate of 37.2% at the 50 mg/kg concentration.