• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.812-819
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• 2008

Purpose : Vitamin D plays a key role in bone mineralization of the skeleton and vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets. It is well known that vitamin D deficiency is common in breast fed infants. Of these patients, clinically, some have no signs of rickets, but laboratory and radiographic findings are diagnostic for vitamin D deficiency rickets (subclinical vitamin D deficiency rickets). The purpose of this study is to clarify current causes and ways to prevent this disease. Methods : We reviewed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of children who were incidentally diagnosed as subclinical rickets during treatment of other disease such as pneumonia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection at Eulji Hospital, Seoul, Korea from March, 2003 to July 2007. Results : Eight patients (six boys and two girls) were diagnosed with subclinical vitamin D deficiency rickets. The mean age of the patients was $12.6{\pm}5.8months$, and they were diagnosed from January to July. The associated diseases were pneumonia, urinary tract infection, acute gastroenteritis, and iron deficiency anemia. All patients were breast-fed. Two showed growth failure. The mean serum alkaline phosphatase was $1995.8{\pm}739.5IU/L$, the mean calcium count was $9.5{\pm}0.6mg/dL$, and the mean phosphorus content was $3.6{\pm}1.5mg/dL$. The mean intact parathyroid hormone was $214.8{\pm}155.9pg/mL$ (reference range, 9-65), the mean 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was $82.4{\pm}49.3pg/mL$ (reference range, 2070), and the mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D was $29.6{\pm}10.6ng/mL$ (reference range, 1030). A radiographic examination showed cupping, fraying, and flaring of metaphyses in all patients. Six patients were administered calcitriol (400 IU/day) for three months. A consequent radiographic and laboratory examination showed improvement. The first two patients were initially diagnosed with metaphyseal dysplasia, without the detection of vitamin D deficiency and they spontaneously improved without vitamin D supplements. However, two years later, they showed mild scoliosis and metaphyseal dysplasia, respectively. Conclusion : Breast-feeding without supplementation involves high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Some infants may also develop rickets; therefore, such groups should be considered for vitamin D supplementation.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.902-915
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• 2004

Science drama can be an useful tool for understanding the nature of science, Science-Technology-Society relationship by providing indirect experiences to young students. Specific science concept and knowledge can also be learned with high interests. In this study, to explore the usefulness of science drama in elementary science lessons, two scripts of science drama and lesson plans were developed and implemented. Six step model for science drama lessons was also suggested. One was 'Manhattan Project' which dealt with social, ethical responsibility in using science & technology (science argument drama), and the other was 'Mom, My blood type is O' which explained the heredity of blood type (science concept drama). Two teachers were asked to write their journals during preparation and implementation of science drama lessons, and the lessons were observed by the researcher and video taped for analysis. Some students were interviewed just after the lessons by the teacher and all students were asked to write their impressions, change of their thought, what is leant etc. Overall responses of students and teachers on the two science drama lessons were very positive, 'Mom, My blood type is O' got more positive responses, and girls were more positive than boys. Some students anticipated another science drama even suggest topics for it. 'Mom, My blood type is O' was successful in making students (grade 3) understand the knowledge related with heredity of blood type (71% of the students got perfect answer). In 'Manhattan Project' students (grade 5) perceived more diverse location of responsibility after the lesson, but the danger and harmfulness of atomic power was embossed. This implied the need of more careful planning for the relevant learning activities before and after the play of science drama.Two teachers perceived the science drama as a new, useful tool for some subject which is hard to deal with by other teaching method. They were also satisfied with students' high interest and engagement during the science drama lessons but the extra time and effort for the lessons were pointed out as a main difficulties.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 1998

Biotechnology is the process of using biological system for the production of materials. Genetic engineering, a subset of biotechnology, is the process of altering biological systems by the purposeful manipulation of DNA It is a new field in biology and no topic in biology is more likely to impact our personal lives and is therefore more worthy of our attention and understanding. The purpose of this study was to investigate students' understanding of the concepts of biotechnology, and a test tool which is made up of 20 basic questions was developed for the study. The subject of this study was high school students and the sample size was 486. In order to find out the source of students' misunderstanding, we also analysed high school textbooks and teachers were given the same tool applied to students. Two-way ANOVA was used for the analysis. Major findings of this study are as following; 1. Mean score of students was 41, and there was a significant difference between the scores of boys and girls(p<0.05). Female students scored higher than male students. The variables "region" and "major" had no significant influence. 2. Students' the most misunderstood concepts were "monoclonal antibody" and "gene cloning". Many students thought that a plamid DNA originally has a useful DNA in it, which is apparently wrong. 3. Mean score of teachers was 82, and the variabes of gender and career did not have statistically significant influence on the result(p>0.05). 4. Teachers got the lowest scores on the concepts of "gene therapy", "the accomplishment of biotechnology in agriculture and medicine", and "plasmid DNA". The results of item analysis implied that teachers' misunderstanding might be a part of the sources of students' misunderstaning. 5. Out of 18 basic concepts selected in the study, only 10 concepts were explained well enough in most textbooks. The results of item analysis indicated that textbooks also could be a part of the source of students' misunderstanding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1385-1393
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrient intake status and dietary behaviors in elementary school children. The subjects were 98 boys and girls in the 4~6 grade and divided into three groups by body shape. The protein intakes of the subjects were higher than the Korean EER (estimated energy requirements). Especially male over weight group had more than twice intakes (216.0% ) comparing the Korean EER. The mean daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C in all subjects did not meet the Korean RI (recommended intake). The vitamin C intake of male underweight group was only 43.2% comparing the Korean RI. Rice & cereals were main food sources of energy, protein and iron, and milk & milk products were main food sources of calcium. As their weights were high, the meal volume and the rate of skipped meal were shown to be high (p<0.05). Thus, this study implicates that desirable nutrition education may be needed for overweight and underweigh children.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.525-537
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate science integrated process skill of the students in science education center for the gifted. In order to do this, 'free-response test for the assessment of science process skills' developed by Yu-Hyang Kim(2013) was administered to 102 students(15 in elementary school science class, 58 in middle school science class I, and 29 in middle school science class II) who attend the program of science education center for the gifted in C university. The assessment tool measured 9 skills ; formulating inquiry questions, recognizing variables, formulating hypotheses, designing experiment, transforming data, interpreting data, drawing conclusions, formulating generalizations, and evaluating the designed experiments. As a result, the students in science education center for the gifted had relatively high scores in the area of 'formulating hypotheses' and 'recognizing variables', but they had relatively low scores in the area of 'transforming data', 'interpreting data', and 'evaluating the designed experiments'. The 2 items' percentage of correct answers were below 40% ; one is about a drawing a line graph in 'transforming data', and the other requires finding improvements of the experimental design in 'evaluation'. There was no significant difference between boys' scores and girls's one, and between the scores of students in the field of biology and those of students in the other fields(physics, chemistry, and earth science) in science integrated process skills. And there was significant difference according to the periods receiving the gifted education in 'formulating generalizations'. The teaching and learning has to focus on improving science integrated process skills in the program of science education center for the gifted and teaching and learning materials needs to be developed.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2004

Purpose : Nocternal enuresis is a common disorder. Tricyclic antidepressant and desmopressin have been accepted pharmacological treatment for this disorder We conducted a cooperative study to investigate the efficacy and adverse reactions of imipramine, desmopressin and combination treatment in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis(PMNE). Methods: Data from a large multicenter study were analysed. In the period of 8 months in 2002, the study comprised of 168 children(78 boys and 90 girls, 5 to 15 years old) with PMNE for imipramine, desmopressin or combination treatment. Before treatment a history, physical examination and laboratory tests were performed and the children were observed for 2 weeks. Response rate, adverse reactions and enuresis episodes after stopping drug administration were evaluated after 12-weeks of imipramine, desmopressin or combination of both. Results: After 4 weeks, the frequency of bed wetting in all treated patients decreased during treatment significantly Even though a 30-50%, reduction in the number of wet nights were 68.6%, 74.4% and 86.1% during 12 weeks treatment by imipramine, desmopressin and both of them respectively, there was no significant difference between them. The most common adverse reaction was decreased appetite from imipramine administration. But no serious drug-related adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Efficacy of the combination therapy of imipramine and desmopressin in PMNE appears not to be better than either drug alone. It is necessary to pay attention on account of adverse reactions during imipramine treatment even though imipramine and desmopressin were generally well tolerated.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1973

This study was projected to get basic data which can provide a basis for future direction in nutritional education, and also to find the way how to improve the nutritional supply by evaluating the current nutritional intake of average high school students through the survey study of their daily packed lunch. Five hundred twenty seven students from two boys high school and two girls high school including one general and one vocational school respectively were chosen as random sampling technique. Four hundred forty nine among the 527 students had brought lunch. The contents of lunch box were weighed and converted into nutritional values according to the food composition table and compared with recommended dietary allowances. The results compared and classified by sex, School and housewives' educational level were as follows: 1. The nutritional supply in the lunch box was 671 Cal of energy and 22.3 gm of protein for male students which were respectively 55.9% and 74.2% of the dietary recommendations. On the other side female student's lunch boxes were found to contain 495 Cal of energy and 21.3gm of protein which are respectively 61.8% and 80% of the dietary prescriptions. Excluding niacin, all vitamins and minerals were found to be short. 2. Calorie intake in the vocational high school was found to be higher than in the general high school but lower in protein intake especially significant difference (P<0.01) in animal protein. 3. From the nutritional point of view the educational backgrouud of the housewives was not found to have any influence in the way of preparing the lunch boxes. 4. Nutrients of lunch box were heavily inclined to grain rather than to side dishes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.871-876
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• 2005

Purpose : Recently, it was reported that tumor necrosis factor(TNF) and $lymphotoxin-{\alpha}$($LT-{\alpha}$) gene regions might be a susceptible loci to type 1 diabetes in Japanese. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of TNF and $LT-{\alpha}$ gene polymorphisms with disease susceptibility in Korean children with type 1 diabetes. Methods : Forty-nine Korean children with type 1 diabetes(29 girls and 20 boys) and 94 healthy Koreans were investigated in this study. Genotyping for -857T/C polymorphism in the TNF promoter region and $LT-{\alpha}$ gene polymorphism were performed by PCR-RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism). TNF promoter -1031C/T polymorphism was detected by allele-specific PCR. Results : The distribution of the -857T/C and -1031C/T genotype in the TNF promoter region was not different between diabetic children and the controls. The frequency of TT genotype in the distribution of TNF -1031C/T polymorphism in diabetic children with diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) at diagnosis was significantly lower than those without DKA(P<0.05). No significant difference in the distribution of $LT-{\alpha}$ gene polymorphism was observed between diabetic children and the controls. There was no association between clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes and $LT-{\alpha}$ gene polymorphisms. Conclusion : These results suggest that TNF promoter -857T/C and $LT-{\alpha}$ gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Korean children. TNF promoter -1031C/T polymorphism might be related to clinical manifestations(DKA) of type 1 diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2000

Objective：This study was carried out to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean form of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale(CY-BOCS). Method：Forty-two children with obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)(31 boys and 11 girls, aged 7 to 18 years) were assessed with CY-BOCS. Interrater agreement was assessed by two raters in subsample(n=20). discriminant and convergent validity were assessed by comparing CY-BOCS scores to Clinical Global Impression-OCD(CGI-OCD), Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version (LOI-CV), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children(STAI-C), and Child Depression Inventory(CDI). Results：Internal consistency was high, measuring 0.86 for the 10 items and total score. The intraclass correlations for the CY-BOCS total, obsession, and compulsion scores were 0.94, 0.94, 0.84, suggesting excellent interrater agreement for subscale and total scores. The CY-BOCS total score showed highest correlation with CGI-OCD(r=0.88), and significant correlation with LOI-CV(r=0.51), Trait Anxiety score(r=0.43), and CDI scores(r=0.49), but it was not correlated with State-Anxiety score(r=0.25). Conclusion：The results of this study indicate that the Korean form of CY-BOCS is a reliable and valid scale for rating obsessive-compulsive symptom severity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2007

Purpose: Ischemic enterocolitis (IEC) is the total or partial infarction of the intestine in the absence of occlusion of a major mesenteric blood vessel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of IEC in children. Methods: A clinical analysis of 6 patients with IEC who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics at Pusan National University Hospital, between 1996 and 2005 was conducted retrospectively. Patients were diagnosed with IEC based on clinical characteristics, including radiologic, endoscopic, histopathologic, and intraoperative findings. Results: Four boys and 2 girls between the age of 6 weeks and 6 years were included in this study. Most of the patients were born at term and had a birth weight that was appropriate for their gestational age. The major symptoms of IEC observed included hematochezia or hematemesis (5 cases), vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain or irritability (4 cases), as well as abdominal distension and fever (3 cases). IEC occurred in thecolon in 5 cases (2 descending colon, 1 descending and sigmoid colon, 1 sigmoid colon, 1 whole colon) and the duodenal bulb and gastric antrum in 1 case each. The type of the lesions observed includedulcera, which were found in 3 cases, perforation, which was pbserved in 2 cases, necrotic patches, which were observed in 2 cases, stricture, which was observedin 1 cases, and massive membranous desquamation of the epithelium, which was observed in 1 case. Two of the patients received surgical treatment and the remaining four were treated conservatively. None of the patients died. Conclusion: The presentation of IEC varies, and the findings of this study will be helpful in managing patients with IEC.