• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2005년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.6
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• pp.93-94
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• 2005

Cu metallization using electrochemical plating(ECP) has played an important role in back end of line(BEOL) interconnect formation. In this work, we studied the optimized copper thickness using Bottom-up Gap-fill in Cu ECP, which is closely related with the pattern dependencies in Cu ECP and Cu dual damascene process at 0.13 ${\mu}m$ technology node. In order to select an optimized Cu ECP thickness, we examined Cu ECP bulge, Cu CMP dishing and electrical properties of via hole and line trench over dual damascene patterned wafers split into different ECP Cu thickness.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2010

Recently environmental regulations like the Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, required the reduction of the greenhouse gas of 5.2% up to 1990 regulations. and 13th General Assembly in 2007, held in Bali of India, have agreed to duty reduction even in developing countries in 2013. Because of the lack of information about real process in small or middle size industries, most recent research omitted to calculate green house gas emissions from the industrial process. Bottom-up methodology will be applied for calculation of green house gasemission from industry sector to solve these problems in this research. Total amount from industry sector of Shicheung-City in 2007 was about 1,797,305 tons of greenhouse gas $CO_2$ and 3,049,403 tons of the greenhouse gas $CO_2$ calculated from industry sector of Ansan-City in 2007.

• 경영과학
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2015

The glass production is classified into an energy intensive industry. This study develops a systematic procedure to derive Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission inventory for the Korean glass industry. Based on the bottom-up approach in which the energy intensity in each production process is characterized, the EBs (energy balances) of glass production processes are derived. And the GHG emission is calculated for each of four types of glasses-flat glass, container glass, fiber glass, and LCD glass.

• 천문학회지
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• 제29권spc1호
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• pp.165-166
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• 1996

A bottom-up model for the formation of GMCs is described, where the observed GMCs are the aggregates of less massive clouds. The aggregates are getting more and more massive in the process of consecutive collision between clouds.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.600-610
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• 2011

This paper presents a novel approach to face detection by localizing faces as the goal-specific saliencies in a scene, using the framework of selective visual attention of a human with a particular goal in mind. The proposed approach aims at achieving human-like robustness as well as efficiency in face detection under large scene variations. The key is to establish how the specific knowledge relevant to the goal interacts with the bottom-up process of external visual stimuli for saliency detection. We propose a direct incorporation of the goal-related knowledge into the specification and/or modification of the internal process of a general bottom-up saliency detection framework. More specifically, prior knowledge of the human face, such as its size, skin color, and shape, is directly set to the window size and color signature for computing the center of difference, as well as to modify the importance weight, as a means of transforming into a goal-specific saliency detection. The experimental evaluation shows that the proposed method reaches a detection rate of 93.4% with a false positive rate of 7.1%, indicating the robustness against a wide variation of scale and rotation.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.404-411
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• 2002

The PSC 2-span-continuous-bridge by Up-Down Method on construction process is used for this research. It is measured the strain of lower-steel-plate at continuous section on the active range of negative moment at the stage of introducing compressive stress to bottom-plate and compared with results of structural analysis. On the basis of these results, it is confirmed the introduced compressive stress tか bottom-plate. The object of this research is presenting the degree of continuity at the stage of lifting up process.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2019

In this research, the effect of roughing on tool load through bottom-up machining is investigated through actual machining. Generally, through the use of high-speed machining technology, machining methods, such as general roughing, operate by deepening the cutting depth for as long as the tool is able to withstand it, giving a slower feed rate, less cutting depth, and faster feed. However, when the cutting depth is deep, there is a problem in that the stepped shape of the cutting area is increased (e.g., by the shaking of the tool or the chipping load). However, if the cutting is performed less, the cutting time becomes relatively long. To compensate for these drawbacks and extend the service life of the tool, economic efficiency needs to be secured.

• 경영과학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2014

This study presents a bottom-up approach for analyzing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the shipbuilding industry in Korea. The overall procedures for deriving GHG emissions from the Korean shipbuilding industry are presented. Based on the long-term forecast on energy demands of the Korean shipbuilding industry, reference energy system (RES) and energy balance (EB) for the shipbuilding process are derived for bottom-up modeling.

• 정보화정책
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.36-49
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• 2012

국제인터넷주소자원관리기구인 ICANN은 1998년 창설 이후 줄기차게 제기되어 온 미국 의존성에 대한 비판을 완화하기 위해 종래 미국 상무부와의 협약에만 역할의 정당성을 인정받던 방식에서 일부 탈피하여 국제인터넷공동체에 대한 책임성을 높이기 위하여 2009년 9월 30일 ICANN 운영에 대한 검토를 국제적인 독립 기구로부터 점검받는 것을 약속하는 형태의 '의무 확인' (Affirmation of Commitments)을 미상무부와 공동으로 행하였다. 이에 의해 설치된 4개 검토팀 중 하나인 '책임성 투명성 검토팀' (ATRT)은 2010년 12월 31일 27개의 권고사항을 발표하고 이사회는 이의 이행을 약속하였다. 이는 선진 인터넷 거버넌스를 지향하는 한국에 시사하는 바가 적지 않다. 특히, 국제 인터넷 거버넌스 체계에 있어 민간주도의 상향적 정책결정이란 특성과 국내제도의 정합성을 제고할 필요가 있다. 인터넷주소에 관련된 비정부, 민간조직의 의견을 적극적으로 수렴하는 '공식적인' 절차가 필요하다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2015

Although the bottom-up rural area development project was conceived with great expectations, the general evaluation of the project so far reveals that it does not significantly differ from projects carried out in a top-down manner. This paper examines the nature of the bottom-up rural area development project with a focus on its background, including the roles of authority and project participants. Results revealed that the project was designed to be implemented in line with the state affairs ideology of the leader in a negative position of bureaucratic society. Though the form of implementation for the project seemed bottom-up as seen in the process of the roles and authorities in supporting organizations the top-down method of implementation can be seen in the authorities and roles of the central government. It was also noticed that the private sector, designed to elicit participation of various experts, looked to be managed and controlled by public organizations. The abovementioned signifies that the Korea rural area development project has been implemented not in a bottom-up manner but rather in an ever-strong top-down manner, which means that the central government holds more responsibility for the project's results, evaluation, and discussions. Furthermore, as seen in the background of the project, policies have been implemented in a top-down manner without the confidence of the bureaucratic society. Therefore, in order to implement a proper bottom-up rural area development project, there is a need for the bureaucratic society to have confidence in the rural societies.