• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2004년도 제21차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.69-79
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 사료 중 비타민 C(200 mg/kg)와 비타민 E(250 mg/kg)의 첨가가 heat stress하 육용종계의 난각 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 83주령의 강제환우된 Ross 육용종계 160수를 공시하여 4처리 4반복 그리고 반복당 10수를 무작위로 개별 케이지에 수용하였다. 4처리구 중 대조구는 비타민 C와 E를 추가로 첨가하지 않았으며 시험구는 비타민 C 처리구, 비타민 E 처리구, 그리고 비타민 C/E 동시 처리구로 하였다. 실온 25 $^{\circ}C$에서 10일간의 적응기간 후에 32 $^{\circ}C$에서 3주간 실험하였다. 실험기간 중 산란율은 급속히 떨어졌으나 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 난중, 비중, 난각두께, SWUSA, pucture force와 난각 파괴강도에서는 비타민 C/E 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 비타민 C 처리구는 경골 파괴강도에서 37.16 kg으로 대조구 및 비타민 E 처리구에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05).한편, 혈중 corticosterone 수준(5.97 ng/ml)은 대조구가 다른 시험구들보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). Heat stress는 백혈구 중 heterophil의 비율을 높이고 lymphocyte의 비율은 낮추어 H/L ratio를 변화시켰다. 시험구의 H/L ratio는 대조구보다 낮았으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 사료 중 비타민 C(200 mg/kg)와 비타민 E(250 mg/kg)의 첨가는 육용종계에서 heat stress에 의한 영향을 경감하여 난각품질 및 경골강도의 약화를 방지한다고 할 수 있겠다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to characterize physicochemical properties of chub mackerel bones (CMB) to evaluate its potential as a food resource. The proximate composition of CMB showed 40.4% moisture, 13.8% crude fat, 15.2% crude protein, and 28.7% ash. The major minerals in CMB were calcium (26.27 g/100 g) and phosphorus (15.88 g/100 g). The amino acids were rich in glycine, proline, glutamic acid, and alanine. The contents of total and neutral lipids, glycolipid and phospholipid were shown to be 16.05%, 95%, 2.32%, and 3.15%, respectively. The major fatty acids were C22:6, C16:0, C18:1, C20:5, C18:0, C17:0, C14:0, C20:1 in order. The fatty acid contents of total and neutral lipid were in a range of 39.25% and 44.54% for saturated and 33.61% and 34.05% for polyunsaturated, respectively. The breaking strength and hardness of intact CMB were 10.01 and $50.03kgf/cm^2$, whereas those of CMB heated for 45 min at $121^{\circ}C$ were 0.40 and $1.94kgf/cm^2$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium (Cr) on the growth performance, bone trait, serum traits, and immune responses in broilers. The broilers were fed corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with Cr at level of 0(control), 200, 400, or 800 ppb in the form of chromium picolinate (CrPic). The broilers were fed treated diets for 6 weeks in Exp. 1, but the Cr supplement was removed for the last 3 weeks in Exp. 2. Exp. 1 showed that dietary supplement of Cr did not affect growth performance of the broiler, though improved feed efficiency (p<0.05) was observed during 0 to 3 weeks. Moreover, serum total (p<0.05) and HDL cholesterols (p<0.06) were significantly higher in pooled Cr added group at 6 weeks of age, however, the difference was not significant in Exp. 2. The pooled Cr added group in Exp.1 had significantly lower (p<0.05) alkaline phosphatase activity and higher (p<0.09) calcium at 3 weeks. Significantly lower phosphorus was also observed in Exp. 2. With continued supplement of Cr as in Exp. 1, the alkaline phosphatase activity maintained higher at 6 weeks, as opposed to significantly lower in Exp. 2, which had no further Cr supplement. Higher bone breaking strength was observed in 400 ppb Cr supplemented in Exp. 1, though not significantly different. Serum glucose and triglyceride were not affected by Cr supplement. Antibody against Infectious Bronchitis (IB) was significantly (p<0.05) higher with 400 ppb Cr supplemented, and anti-Newcastle disease (ND) antibody also tended to be higher (p<0.06) in pooled Cr added group at 6 weeks of age in Exp. 1. Peripheral blood blastogenesis activity was not different among the treatments. The results suggest that diet supplemented with 400 ppb CrPic may be beneficial to the broiler.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.243-254
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• 2000

The effect of supplemental microbial phytase and non - phytate phosphorus(NPP) levels on layer productivity and nutrient digestibility were conducted in 640 21 weeks - old HyLine brown layer for 12 weeks. Supplemented phytase levels were 0, 300, 500 and 1,000 DPU/kg diet. NPP levels were adjusted with tricalcium phosphate(TCP), which were 0(0.11% NPP), 0.5(0.20), 1.0(0.29) and 1.5%(0.38). ME, CP and Ca levels were maintained at 2,800㎉/kg diet, 16% and 3.5%, respectively. Egg production was increased with phytase compared to without phytase(P〈0.05). Increasement of egg production was higher latter of experimental period. Egg production was not different to phytase levels. Egg production in TCP levels were increased in above 0.5% compared to 0% TCP. Difference of egg production by TCP was higher after 6 week. Especially, egg production to supplemental phytase was higher in 0% TCP. Egg weight was not different to phytase and TCP levels. Egg mass was increased with phytase compared to without phytase, but not difference significantly. There was similar to phytase levels. Egg mass in TCP group was increased in TCP supplementation(P〈0.05). Feed intake was not different in phytase levels, and greater with increasing TCP levels(P〈0.05). Feed conversion was improved with phytase(P〈0.05), and not difference in TCP levels. All of nutrients digestibility tended to improve with phytase, P(P〈0.05), especially. There were not different among phytase levels. The effect of adding phytase was higher in low phosphorus diets compared normal levels. Eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness also improved in added phytase(P〈0.05). Tibial ash and P content were slightly increased with phytase, and Ca content also was higher(P〈0.05) compared without phytase. We concluded that supplemental phytase in low phosphorus diet was showed to increase laying performance, feed efficiency, nutrients digestibility, egg quality, and bone development. Phytase supplementation was able to compensate for low NPP diet. We also thought optimum phytase level is 300 DPU, and can decrease NPP supplementation adding phytase in later diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of feeding an Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived phytase to pigs fed P deficient, corn-soybean meal diets. In Exp. 1, one hundred and twenty crossbred piglets ($9.53{\pm}0.84$ kg) were allocated to one of five treatments which consisted of four low P diets (0.61% Ca, 0.46% total P and 0.24% non-phytate P) supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 20,000 FTU/kg E. coli phytase as well as a positive control formulated to be adequate in all nutrients (0.77% Ca, 0.62% total P and 0.42% non-phytate P). The treatments were applied to six pens with four pigs per pen for 28 days. In Exp. 2, ten crossbred pigs ($19.66{\pm}1.16$ kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in a nutrient balance study. The pigs were assigned to treatments similar to those used in Exp. 1 in a doubly replicated $5{\pm}4$ incomplete Latin square design (5 diets with 4 periods). Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total collection of feces and urine and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. Supplementation with phytase linearly increased (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, bone breaking strength and fat-free dry and ash bone weight. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, GE, CP, Ca, total P, inositol hexaphosphate ($IP_6$) and some AA with increasing dose of E. coli phytase. Pigs fed 20,000 FTU/kg had a greater (p<0.05) AID of IP6 (80% vs 59% or 64%, respectively) than pigs fed diets with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg phytase. There were linear increases (p<0.05) in the total tract digestibility of Ca, total P, Na, K, Mg, and Zn as well as in the retention of Mg and Zn with increased phytase dose. The retention and utilization of Cu, and the total tract digestibility of CP and Cu quadratic increased (p<0.05) with increased phytase dose. In conclusion, supplementation of 500 FTU of phytase/kg and above effectively hydrolyzed phytate in low-P corn-soybean diets for pigs. In addition, a super dose of phytase (20,000 FTU/kg) hydrolyzed most of the IP6 and consequently further improved mineral use, protein utilization and performance.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1049-1060
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• 2021

Objective: This study assessed the effect of different levels of xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase on intestinal enzyme activities and tibia bone development in broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. Methods: Twelve experimental diets were formulated using a 3×2×2 factorial design (three doses of phytase and two doses of both xylanase and β-glucanase) and offered to 648 day-old Ross 308 male chicks having 6 replicates groups with 9 birds per replicate and lasted for 35 days. Results: An interaction between the enzymes products improved (p<0.01) the activity of chymotrypsin. Protein content at d 10 was highest (p<0.001) with addition of phytase while general proteolytic activity (GPA) (p<0.02) and lipase activity (p<0.001) were decreased. At d 24, there were improvements in protein content (p<0.01) and lipase (p<0.04) with supplementation of superdose phytase. Addition of superdose phytase decreased in chymotrypsin (p<0.02), trypsin (p<0.01) and GPA (p<0.001). The optimum dose of xylanase decreased the chymotrypsin activity (p = 0.05), while the GPA (p<0.001) was increased with the optimum level of β-glucanase. Superdose phytase supplementation at d 10 improved maltase (p = 0.05), sucrase (p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) activities in the jejunum while aminopeptidase activity was highest (p<0.005) with the low level of phytase. Protein content of jejunum mucosa was bigger (p<0.001) in birds fed superdose phytase while maltase activity (p<0.001) at d 24 was reduced by this treatment. Sucrase (p<0.04) and aminopeptidase activities (p<0.001) improved when diets supplemented with low levels of phytase. Tibia bone breaking strength was highest (p<0.04) with addition of low level of superdose phytase or optimum level of β-glucanase. Bone dry matter content decreased (p<0.04) when diets supplemented with phytase. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this study, supplementation of superdose phytase was the most effective, however, the cost-benefit analysis of the use of such a dose needs to be evaluated.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.12-25
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• 2010

본 연구는 $CaCO_3$를 표준으로 장내 칼슘 흡수를 촉진하는 peptide-Ca, anchovy-Ca, methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium의 생체이용성과 소화율을 평가하였다. 표 준군은 $CaCO_3$를 AIN-93G (1993)를 기준으로 칼슘 요구량의 0%, 30%, 60%로 첨가하여 모든 분석 항목에 대한 비교기준으로 삼았다. 실험군은 요구량의 40% 수준으로 각기 다른 칼슘 공급원으로 실험하였다. 실험결과는 대부분 칼슘 함량이 높은 Ca-60%군이 가장 높은 수치를 보여 주어 칼슘의 섭취량과 비례하여 양의 상관 관계를 보여 주었다. 생체이용성 평가에서는 MHA-Ca 군이 체중 증가량, BMD, BS, BBS 항목에서 높은 이용성을 보여 주었다. peptide-Ca은 회귀계수가 높은 회분함량 ($R^2\;=\;0.98$)과 BMC ($R^2\;=\;0.935$)를 이용한 평가 에서 표준군에 비해 11%, 7% 높은 이용성을 보여주었다. Anchovy-Ca군 역시 여러 생체이용성 평가항목에서 높은 이용성을 나타냈다. 이는 동일한 양의 칼슘을 섭취했을 때 실험군이 표준으로 사용된 $CaCO_3$ 보다 높은 칼슘 이용성을 가지고 있음을 의미한다. 하지만 본 연구로는 유기태 칼슘이 어떤생리 활성 작용을 통해 이러한 결과를 나타냈는지는 알 수 없었으며, 이 부분을 분명하게 규명하는 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 소화율 측정항목에서는 Ca-0%군을 제외하고는 90% 이상 높은 칼슘 소화율을 나타냈다. 소화율과 보유율에서 peptide-Ca군이 유의한 차이는 없었지만 다른 실험군에 비해 미세하게 높았다. 이러한 차이의 축적으로 인해 생체이용성 평가시 실험군간 차이를 보여 주었다. 결국 공급한 칼슘에 대한 소화 및 흡수의 차이에 의해 뼈 건강관련 지표가 좋아지고 이로 인해 실험군의 생체 이용성이 높게 평가 되었다. Peptide-Ca와 순수한 식품 칼슘 급원인 멸치 뼈는 높은 칼슘 이용성을 나타내어, 체내칼슘 영양개선에 상당한 효과가 있슴이 증명되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.219-227
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• 1988

본 실험은 사료첨가제로 사용되는 인산칼슘제에 들어있는 Ca과 P의 생물학적 이용성을 측정 비교하고자 실시하였다. 5일령의 수평아리를 사용하여 12 일간의 실험기간 후에 경골의 회분함량율 기준으로 하여 표준계선에 의한 least square방식으로 측정한 이용성의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. P의 이용성은 DiCa-P첨가제가 각각 77.1, 91.0, 96.4 그리고 95.5％를 나타냈고 TriCa-P첨가제는 각각 94.1, 95.0 및 99.5％를 나타냈다. 2. Ca의 이용성은 DiCa-P 첨가제에서 각각 78.3, 234.1, 87.6 그리고 244.5％였고 TriCa-P첨가제는 각각 99.5, 84.0 및 101.5 ％였다. 3. 전반적으로 TriCa-P첨가제가 DiCa-P첨가제보다 이용성이 약간 높게 나타났다. 4. 국산과 외국산 인산칼슘제의 이용성의 차이는 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1299-1304
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the production performance of broiler breeder females (25 to 40 weeks of age) fed either reference diet or low non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) diet with or without microbial phytase (500 FYT/kg) supplementation. A weighed (160 g/b/d) quantity of feed from each diet was offered daily to 40 replicates of one bird each housed in California type cage having individual feeders. Each cage was considered as a replicate. A continuous 16-h light per day was provided using incandescent bulbs. Body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed per egg mass, egg specific gravity, egg breaking strength, shell thickness, tibia ash and serum Ca and protein concentrations were not affected by reducing the NPP level from 0.30 to 0.18% in the broiler breeder diet. Supplementation of phytase (500 FYT/kg) enzyme to the diet containing 0.18% NPP had no added advantage on any of the above production parameters. The serum inorganic P was increased significantly (p<0.05) by either enhancing the NPP content from 0.18 to 0.30% or supplementing phytase @500 FYT/kg to the diet containing low P which were found comparable. Retention of Ca and P was positive on all the diets. P retention decreased significantly (p<0.05) with either increase in NPP content or phytase supplementation in the diet. Neither NPP nor phytase supplementation influenced bone mineralization in terms of tibia ash and strength. The hatchability was not influenced by either increasing the NPP content or supplementing the enzyme phytase. Similarly, the P concentration in the egg yolk and day old chick, day old and 14th day body weight and leg score was not altered by increasing the level of NPP or supplementing phytase enzyme. The mortality was within the normal limits in all the three dietary groups. Thus, it can be concluded that 0.18% NPP (288 mg NPP intake/b/d) in the broiler breeder' diet is adequate in sustaining the optimum performance from 25 to 40 wks of age. Enhancing the NPP content or supplementation of phytase (500 FYT/kg diet) to diet containing 0.18% NPP had no added advantage on performance.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2023

비타민 D3는 난각 형성에 필요한 칼슘의 흡수와 대사에 필수적일 뿐 아니라 칼슘과 인의 대사를 조절하여 뼈 건강에 필수적인 요소이며 건강한 면역체계를 유지하는 영양소이다. 계란과 관련된 비타민 D3에 관한 연구는 많이 이루어져 왔으나 산란계 농장에서 수행한 연구는 보고된 바가 거의 없다. 본 연구는 비타민 D3 강화계란을 생산하는 산란계 농가에서 생산되는 계란의 난각 품질과 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량을 분석하고자 농가 조사를 수행하였다. 산란계 4개 농가를 선정하여 16,500 IU 및 29,000 IU 함유한 사료 급여 전과 후에 계란을 수거하여 난각 품질과 계란내 비타민 D3 함량을 측정하였다. 분석 결과 비타민 D3 첨가는 난각두께를 개선하는 효과는 있었으나, 난각색과 난각강도에는 미치는 영향은 미미하였다. 산란계 사료내 비타민 D3를 첨가하면 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량이 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 결과적으로 산란계 농가에서 사료 내비타민 D3를 추가로 공급한다면 난각 품질의 개선과 비타민 D3 강화계란을 생산할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 향후 더 많은 산란계 농가에서 사료와 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량에 대한 추가 조사를 진행한다면 계란 내 비타민 D3 함량을 추정할 수 있는 회귀식을 도출할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.