• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.467-472
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• 2017

There is increasing interest in developing flavor-enriched concentrate using byproducts of skipjack tuna Ktsuwonus pelamis as a replacement for commercial beef bone extract concentrate (CBB-EC). This study was compared on sanitary and nutritional characteristics between skipjack tuna frame extract concentrate (ST-EC) and CBB-EC as a control of skipjack tuna frame extract concentrate. The moisture contents of CBB-EC and ST-EC 41.4-4.9% and 45.3%, respectively. The results of viable cell counts and E. coli assays suggested that CBB-EC and ST-EC is a safe and sanitary for use in food. There were no differences in peroxide values among CBB-ECs. The total amino acid contents in CBB-EC and ST-EC were 25.6-29.3 g/100 g and 37.9 g/100 g, respectively, and the major amino acids present glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine and arginine. Regardless of kinds of the mineral, mineral contents of ST-EC higher than those of CBB-EC. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1n-9 in CBB-EC, 16:0, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3 in ST-EC. These results can be used as background information to develop flavor-enriched concentrates from byproducts of skipjack tuna as replacement for CBB-EC.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2013

Velvet deer antler (VDA) is well known oriental medicine claimed to have tonic activities as improving bone mineral density (BMD), immune-enhancing, rejuvenating and many other medicinal activities. Ossified deer antler (ODA) is bony product produced by over-calcification of deer antler due to late harvesting. The extraction efficiency of ODA by conventional boiling in water must be very poor due to bony nature, hence the reputations for the medicinal efficacies of ODA has been highly under-evaluated compared to that of VDA without any experimental evidences. Employing our new efficient water extraction process ($135^{\circ}C$), the extracts of ODA and VDA were analysed to compare the contents of bioactive components and the potencies of pharmacological activities. The results showed that; 1) The $135^{\circ}C$ extraction (autoclaving) of ODA gave highly increased amount of biomass, 120% more than the conventional extraction by 100-boiling, whereas the same treatment for VDA showed only 15% increased amount of biomass. 2) Feeding the ODA- or VDA-extracts to oophorectomized rats showed very potent BMD-recovering activity. 3) During the ossification of deer antler, the total collagen content was found to be increased by addition of type-1 to pre-existing type-2 collagen, but not replacement of type-2 to type-1 collagen. High titer of peptide hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1 were detected in the ODA- and VDA-extracts and also in the serum of ODA- or VDA-treated oophorectomized animals dose-dependently. Present experimental data will give a conclusion that folkloric poor reputations on ODA must be concerned only with poor extraction efficiency of conventional $100^{\circ}C$ water extraction and not based on the composition of bioactive substances of ODA.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS: For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS: The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest ${\omega}-3$ PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest ${\omega}-6$ PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo $PGE_2$ level and the ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of $PGE_2$, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.250-256
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• 2012

Disease, such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, etc caused by reduced bone density are common to women after menopause and as the social medical cost increases due to osteoporosis fractures the medical interest in bone density reduction has increased. The bone density reduction is observed even for renal failure patients, due to their decreased ability to synthesize vitamin D which leads to bone fibrosis because of deficiency in calcium absorption. Thus renal failure patients not only suffer from kidney dysfunction, but also are exposed to complications, such as osteoporosis, due to reduced bone density. This research observed the change in bone density of patients receiving renal failure treatment and analyzed the change in bone density before and after kidney transplantations. Subjects were 214 renal failure patients at the department of nephrology Busan B General Hospital. The change in bone density was studied for subjects with and without kidney transplantation according to their age and sex. The research showed improvement or maintenance of bone density for subjects that received kidney transplantation, but showed a tendency of consistent decrease in bone density for subjects without kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation can be considered as the best cure for renal failure patients, and this researched confirmed that bone density can be improved through kidney transplantation. Thus, this study can also be used as data for preventing complications due to renal failures.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.229-250
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the morphological and structural changes of bone tissues and the effects of irradiation on the mandibular bodies of rats which were fed low calcium diets. In order to carry out this experiment, 160 seven-week old Sprague-Dawley strain rats weighing about 150 gm were selected and equally divided into one normal diet group of 80 rats and one low calcium diet group with the remainder. These groups were then subdivided into two groups, 40 were assigned rats for each subdivided group, exposed to radiation. The Group 1 was composed of forty non-irradiated rats with normal diet, Group 2 of forty irradiated rats with normal diet, Group 3 forty non-irradiated rats with low calcium diet, and Group 4 forty irradiated rats with low calcium diet. The two irradiation groups received a single dose of 20 Gy on the jaw area only and irradiated with a cobalt-50 teletherapy unit. The rats with normal and low calcium diet groups were serially terminated by ten on the 3rd, the 7th, the 14th, and the 21st day after irradiation. After termination, both sides of the dead rats mandible were removed and fixed with 10% neutral formalin. The bone density of mandibular body was measured by use of bone mineral densitometer(Model DPX -alpha, Lunar Corp., U.SA). Triga Mark ill nuclear reactor in Korea Atomic Research Institute was used for neutron activation and then calcium contents of mandibular body were measured by using a 4096 multichannel analyzer (EG and G ORTEC 919 MCA, U.SA). Also the mandibular body was radiographed with a soft X-ray apparatus(Hitex Co., Ltd., Japan). Thereafter, the obtained microradiograms were observed by a light microscope and were used for the morphometric analysis using a image analyzer(Leco 2001 System, Leco Co., Canada). The morphometric analysis was performed for parameters such as the total area, the bone area, the inner and outer perimeters of the bone. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the morphometric analysis, total area and outer perimeter of the mandibular bodies of Group 3 were a little smaller than that of Group 1. The mean bone width and bone area were much smaller than that of Group 1 and the inner perimeter of Group 3 was much longer than that of Group 1. The total area and outer perimeter of Group 2 and Group 4 showed little difference. The mean bone width and bone area of Group 4 were smaller than that of Group 2 and the inner perimeter of Group 4 was longer than that of Group 2. 2. The remarkable decreases of the number and thickness of trabeculae and also the resorption of endosteal surface of cortical bone could be seen in the microradiogram of Group 3, Group 4 since the 3rd day of experiment. On the 21st day of experiment, the above findings could be more clearly seen in Group 4 than in Group 3. 3. The bone mineral density of Group 3 was lesser than that of Group 1 and the bone mineral density of Group 4 was lesser than that of Group 2 on the 7th, 14th, 21st days. The irradiation caused the bone mineral density to be decreased regardless of diet. In the case of Groups with low calcium diet, the bone mineral density was much decreased on the 21st day than on the 3rd day of experiment. 4. The calcium content in mandible of Group 3 was smaller than that of Group 1 throughout the experiment. roup 4 showed the least amount of calcium content. The irradiation caused the calcium content to be decreased regardless of diet. In the case of Groups with low calcium diet, the calcium content was much decreased on the 21st day than on the 3rd day of experiment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that morphological changs and decrease of bone mass due to resorption of bone by low calcium diet, and that the resorption of bone could be found in the spongeous bone and endosteal surface of cortical bone. So the problem of resorption of bone must be considered when the old and the postmenopausal women are taken radiotherapy because the irradiation seems to be accelerated the resorption of osteoporotic bone.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2000

The mineral compositions were analysed of the tip and the upper section of dried domestic antlers. The upper section was divided longitudinally into four parts. The tip and the upper section were divided traversely into the velvet and the spongy bone layers. The contents of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium increased (p<0.05), and those of manganese, zinc, copper and iron decreased (p<0.05) downward from the tip both in the velvet and the spongy bone layers. The contents of ash, calcium, phosphorus, manganese and zinc of the spongy bone layer were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the velvet layer. The tip, which is the growth center of the antler, had the significantly (p<0.05) lowest proportions of Ca/ash, Ca/P and Ca/Fe ratios both in the velvet and spongy bone layers.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

Objectives: To select the optimal ranges showing obvious synergic anti-osteoporotic potential after adjust mixed formula consisted of Morindae Radix (MR) and Cistanchis Herba (CH) as compared with those of each single formula or risedronate sodium (RES) using bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. Methods: Fourteen groups, total eight sham or 104 OVX mice were selected based on the body weights at 34 days after OVX surgery. After that, 9 types mixed compositions, single formula of MR and CH, and RES were orally administered for 35 days. And we measured changes in body weight and gain, femur weight, bone mineral density (BMD), bone strength (failure load) and mineral content - calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (IP), osteocalcin contents and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP) activities of all mice. Results: The OVX-induced estrogen-deficient osteoporotic signs were significantly inhibited by 35 days of continuous oral treatment of all treated mice as compared with OVX control mice. Especially, MR:CH 1:3 and 1:1 mixed formula treated mice showed significantly more favorable inhibitory activities against estrogen-deficient osteoporosis symptoms as compared to those of each single formula of MR and CH. Although RES also ameliorated the decreases of the femur BMD, strength and trabecular bone architectures through the inhibited the increases of bone turnover, but they did not critically influenced on the bone formations. Conclusions: The results suggest that MR:CH 1:3 mixed formula showed somewhat lower anti-resorptive effects as compared to those of RES, but they also showed bone formation effects. therefore, it is expected that MR:CH 1:3 mixture will be promising as a potent protective agents for relieving the osteoporosis in menopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.478-482
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• 2001

This study was conducted to get a knowledge on food components of cuttle bone (CB) as a food resource. The yields and ash contents of CB were about $7.5\%$ on whole cuttle fish and about $90\%$ on dry basis, respectively, The contents of heavy metal might not invoke health risk in using food resource, The major mineral of CB was calcium as about $22\%$ in content. The yields, proximate compositions, heavy metal and mineral contents were not significantly different between domestic and imported CB. Judging from X-ray diffraction pattern, most of calcium in CB was present as a form of calcium carbonate (CC), and scanning electron micrograph showed irregular form. Buffering capacity of CB showed strongly at pH 7, and its pattern was the same as shown in that of CC, And CB solution showed a very high degree in turbidity comparing to that of CC solution. The solubility of CB was superior to that of CC, but inferior to those of calcium powders on the market, It was concluded from above results that CB could be effectively utilized as a calcium source.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 1990

It is well known that the glucocorticoid suppresses the osteoblast and the calcitonin suppresses the osteoclast. If the calcitonin prevents the osteoporosis with increased Tc-99m MDP uptake in the long-term use of glucocorticoid, then the calcitonin has some activating effect on the bone formation. The immobilization operation was done on the left hind-leg of 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 300 g each. For 12 weeks after operation,8 rats were injected 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone, and the other 8 rats were injected 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone and $1\;\bar{u}/kg$ eel calcitonin. The bone mineral content was measured by the single photon absorptiometry and the Tc-99m MDP uptake was used as an index of the osteoblastic activity. 1) The Tc-99m MDP uptakes in the dexamethasone treated group were lower than those in the dexamethasone and calcitonin treated group, and there was no significant difference in Tc-99m MDP uptakes between the immobilized and normal femurs. 2) The bone mineral contents in the dexamethasone treated group were significantly lower than in the dexamethasone and calcitonin treated group, and the immobilized femurs had tower BMC than normal femurs. 3) The slope of regression between the BMC and Tc-99m MDP uptake was stiff in the dexamethasone treated group, and flat in the dexamethasone and calcitonin group, which shows discrepancy between the bone resorption and formation resulting prevention of net bone loss in the dexamethasone and calcitonin treated group. In conclusion, the calcitonin has some effect on the bone formation, and further studies with urinary hydroxyproline and cyclic AMP are expected.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of bone metabolic parameters between climbing exercise training and treadmill running training with alpha lipoic acid supplementation in ovariectomized rats. Fifty-six Sparague-Dawley, 8 weeks of age, were assigned into nine groups: normal control at pre-test (Pre-NC), normal control at post-test (NC), sham-sedentary (SS), ovariectomized-control (OVX-Con), ovariectomized-ALA inject (OVX-ALA), ovariectomized-climbing exercise (OVX-CE), ovariectomized-ALA inject+climbing exercise (OVX-ACE), ovariectomized-treadmill exercise (OVX-TE) and ovariectomized-ALA inject+treadmill exercise (OVX-ATE). The climbing exercise group voluntarily climbed the 200 cm tower to drinking water from the bottle set at the top of it. The treadmill exercise group was performed the 60 min treadmill running with grade 6-8%, and velocity 10-15 m/min. The frequency of exercise training was performed 6 days per wk in both training intervention. For the comparison of bone metabolic responses following to different training intervention, the strength, length and weight of femur, total bone density, bone mineral contents, deoxypyridioline, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone, estradiol and lutenizing hormone were measured in this study. The body weight was higher in the OVX-Con, OVX-ALA and OVX-TE groups as compared to NC group. The total bone mineral density of OVX-ACE showed a higher value than SS, OVX-Con, OVX-ATE and OVX-TE. But urine and blood metabolic parameters showed no significance among groups. In conclusion, this study results suggested that climbing exercise training and alpha lipoic acid supplementation may an effective intervention for prevention of osteoporosis in ovriectomized rats.