• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.927-937
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean premenopausal women. Seventy-eight premenopausal women who visited the Health Promotion Center for health examinations volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups according to their bone status as shown by their T-scores: a non-osteoporotic group and a osteoporotic group. The results are as follows: The mean BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were 1.21$\pm$0.02$g/cm^2$ and 0.97$\pm$0.04$g/cm^2$, respectively. The BMD levels of the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). The heights of the women in the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.01) however, their body weights did not show any significant differences although they tended to be lower. The mean daily intake of energy was 1720$\pm$52㎉. When the nutrient intake was compared with the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA), calcium, Fe, vitamin A and riboflavin intakes were lower than the RDA. Their was no significant difference in the nutrient intake of the non-osteoporotic group and osteoporotic group except for the intakes of protein, fat and niacin. Their was no significant difference between the non-osteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group and all were within the normal range. However, the serum alkaline phosphatase level of the osteoporotic group was significantly higher than that of the non-osteoporotic group (p<0.001). Height measurements showed positive correlations with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD, r=0.332, p<0.01) however there was no correlation with femoral neck bone mineral density (NBMD). Age, age at menarche, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and obesity showed no correlation with BMD. The BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly and positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C (r=0.236, p<0.05; r=0.274, p<0.05). Serum levels of calcium and phosphorus showed negative correlations with LBMD (r=-0.698, p=0.0001, r=-0.503, p=0.0001, respectively). The results suggested that the BMD of the lumbar spine was positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C in premenopausal women. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss would be have a higher intake of niacin and vitamin C rich foods and engaging habitually in physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD in the Premenopausal Period.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2003

This study was to investigate the relation of nutrients intake, health status, and bone mineral density in middle-aged women. Daily nutrients intake were analyzed by convenient method. The BMD of subjects were measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA). BMD was measured at the spine(vertebrae L2-L4) and femur(neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter). The nutrients intake of subjects were higher than recommended dietary allowances(RDA) except for calorie, iron, calcium, vitamin B1. Nutrients intake of vitamin A(p<0.05), iron(p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$(p<0.05), niacin(p<0.05), and vitamin C(p<0.05) between $\leq$49 yr group and $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of calcium was much less than the Korean RDA, 78.5% in $\leq$49 yr group and 77.3% in $\geq$50 yr group. 35.8% of the subjects under 50 years of age($\leq$49 yr group) and 77.4% of the subjects from 50 years up($\geq$50 yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. BMD of L2-L4 were positively correlated with height(p<0.05), weight(p<0.05) and BMI(p<0.05). BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with BMI(p<0.05), BMD of Ward's triangle was positively correlated with weight(p<0.001). But BMD of L2-L4 and femoral neck were negatively correlated with age(p<0.05), menarche(p<0.05). BMD of Ward's triangle was negatively correlated with age(p<0.001). The BMD of L2-L4 were positively correlated with animal protein(p<0.05), calcium(p<0.05) and iron(p<0.05). The BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with animal protein(p<0.05). The BMD of Ward's triangle was positively correlated with animal protein(p<0.001) and iron(p<0.001). The above results suggest that it should be difficult to prevent middle-aged women's bone destruction through nutrients intake. Further investigation is necessary to prove the mutual relations between BMD, exercise, and calcium intake. Therefore, middle-aged women will need proper exercise as well as Ca supplementation in order to prevent osteoporosis with aging.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.833-840
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data of nutritional management for women's bone health according to age. This study was conducted through questionnaire, bone mineral density(BMD) measurement by DEXA and dietary survey by 24hr recalls to 134 adult women. Subjects were divided into three groups: young women group who aged 20-29(n=48), middle aged women group who aged over 30 and were pre-menopause(n=36), postmenopausal women group(n=48). The body fat percent of postmenopausal women group was the highest among the three groups. BMD of lumbar spine(L1-L2) were $0.93\;g/cm^2$ for young women, $0.97\;g/cm^2$ for middle aged women, and $0.88\;g/cm^2$ for postmenopausal women, respectively(p<0.05). BMD of femoral neck(p<0.05), trochanter(p<0.05), and ward's (p<0.001) were significantly decreased as age increasement. Drinking alcohol and skipping meals were significantly higher in young women groups than in the other groups, however frequency of doing regular exercise was significantly lower in young women groups. Young women group consumed the significantly higher amount of cereals(p<0.05), sugar and sweeteners(p<0.001), meats(p<0.01), eggs(p<0.01), milks(p<0.05) and oils(p<0.001) than middle aged and postmenopausal women. Also, energy(p<0.001), animal protein, (p<0.01), plant oil(p<0.001), animal fat(p<0.001), retinol(p<0.001), vitamin E(p<0.01), and cholesterol(p<0.001) intakes of young women were highest among the three groups. However, young women group consumed the significantly lower amount of dietary fiber(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.01), folate(p<0.05) and fruits(p<0.01) than the other groups. To summarized the our results, young women who were in still undergoing bone formation activity to develope peak bone mass, had more dietary habit and lifestyle problems than middle aged and postmenopausal women. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for bone health should be emphasized in young women not only aged women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.539-546
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Women's bone health status is closely related with environmental factors and lifestyle factors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dietary risks of osteoporosis and osteopenia for Korean postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The data from 1,433 subjects from the 2010 KNHANES were used and divided into three groups: normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis group using bone mineral density (BMD). Nutrient intakes and food intake frequency were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the odds ratios for osteoporosis and osteopenia. RESULTS: The RNI percentage of each nutrient and food intake frequency from 12 food groups decreased as bone mineral density status deteriorated. Risk for osteoporosis of low calcium (Ca) intake, under the EAR, showed an odds ratio of 2.13(95% CI; 1.26-3.61, P < 0.05). Higher intake frequency showed preventive effect from osteoporosis compared to lower intake frequency in such food group as dairy products (ORs 0.40, CI 0.21-0.75), beans (ORs 0.49, CI 0.29-0.83), seaweeds (ORs 0.55, CI 0.32-0.94), fish (ORs 0.56, CI 0.32-0.98), and fruits (ORs 0.42, CI 0.23-0.79) after adjusting for age. CONCLUSION: To prevent osteoporosis in later life, sufficient Ca intake and more frequent intakes of foods containing Ca such as dairy products, beans, fish, seaweeds, and fruits, which help in Ca absorption, should be stressed for Korean postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2019

Objective : To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) and osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) in Korea and its association with socioeconomic status. Methods : Using Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-National Inpatient Sample (HIRA-NIS) data from 2009 to 2013, we estimated the annual prevalence of PD, OP, and OVF and investigated its association with socioeconomic status using data from National Health Insurance (NHI) beneficiaries and Medical Aid (MA) recipients. This study was supported by research funding from Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2015. There were no study-specific biases related to conflicts of interest. Results : The number of PD patients in the HIRA-NIS increased each year from 2009 to 2013. Among patients with PD, the standardized prevalence rates of OP and OVF increased from 2009 to 2013; from 23.2 to 27.8 and from 2.8 to 4.2, respectively. Among patients with PD with OP, the prevalence of OVF were 12.2% and 15.1% in 2009 and 2013, respectively. The standardized prevalence rates of PD with OP and PD with OVF were significantly higher in MA recipients than in NHI beneficiaries. Conclusion : The prevalence of PD both with OP and with OVF increased and the prevalence was higher in MA recipients than in NHI beneficiaries. These findings may suggest that age over 65 years, female and low income may be a significant factor related to PD occurring with OP and OVF.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.449-464
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• 2019

골다공증은 뼈 조직의 미세 구조 이상으로 골밀도가 감소되어 뼈의 골절율이 증가하는 질환이며 노인에게 있어 심각한 합병증을 증가시킨다. 이러한 골다공증의 2가지 위험요인은 청소년기 및 성인기에 낮게 형성된 최대 골질량과 폐경 및 노화로 인해 골질량이 빠르게 손실되는 것이다. 위험요인들은 복합적으로 연관되어 유발되는데 유전적 요인과 고령, 폐경, 호르몬, 칼슘, 비타민 D의 섭취, 단백질의 섭취부족과 카페인 섭취 등이 보고되고 있다. 북한이탈주민의 경우 북한에서 식량난으로 말미암아 골질량이 낮게 형성되어 있을 가능성이 커서 골다공증 위험군이라고 할 수 있지만 연구가 부족한 상황이다. 이에 이 연구는 골다공증 발병 위험이 높을 것으로 예상되는 북한이탈 여성들의 뼈 건강 상황을 알아보고 북한과 남한에서의 식생활과의 관련사항을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 고려대학교 북한이탈주민 (NORNS) 코호트에서 추출하였는데 골밀도 검사와 식이조사를 마친 여성 총 110명이었다. 북한에서의 식생활은 국민건강영양조사에서 사용하는 식품안정성 질문으로 알아보았고, 남한에서의 식생활은 24시간 회상법과 국민건강영양조사에서 사용하는 식품섭취빈도조사 설문지를 수정하여 알아보았다. 대상자의 사회경제교육수준, 체중과 신장 등은 검진의 일환으로 수집되었다. 이중에너지 방사선법 (DEXA)으로 척추와 대퇴골 골밀도를 측정하였다. 골밀도 진단기준으로 폐경전 여성은 z-값이 -2.0이상인 연령 기대치 이내 대상자, 폐경 후 여성은 t-값이 -1.0이상인 대상자를 골밀도 정상범위군으로, 폐경 전 여성으로 z-값이 -2.0이하는 연령 기대치 이하 대상자와 폐경 후 여성으로 t-값이 -1.0미만인 대상자를 골밀도 이상군으로 분류하였다. 골밀도 정상범위군은 62.7% (69명), 골밀도이상군은 37.3% (41명)로 나타났는데 정상군이 이상군에 비하여 어렸고 ($40.8{\pm}6.1$세 vs $60.2{\pm}8.2$세, p < 0.001) 복부둘레가 가늘었다 ($77.0{\pm}8.6cm$ vs $82.1{\pm}8.3cm$, p = 0.004). 또한 정상군은 14.5%가 폐경된 반면 이상군은 100% 폐경이 되었다 (p < 0.001). 식품섭취빈도조사로 주당 평균섭취빈도를 비교했을 때, 정상군이 이상군에 비하여 우유 (4.9회 vs 1.9회, p = 0.03), 요거트 (3.7회 vs 2.5회, p = 0.015), 우유 및 유제품군 (3.2회 vs 1.6회, p = 0.007)을 더 자주 섭취하였다. 정상군 ($146.3{\pm}143.2mg$)은 동물성 칼슘을 이상군 ($78.4{\pm}99.9mg$)보다 많이 섭취하였으며 (p = 0.009), 칼슘 평균필요량보다 미만으로 섭취한 분율이 정상군이 49.3%, 이상군은 78.0%로 이상군이 약 1.5배 높게 나타났다. 영양소 질적지수에서 칼슘을 제외한 나머지 영양소는 1이상으로 나타났고 단백질과 인질적지수가 정상범위군에서 유의하게 높았다 (p < 0.05). 두 그룹 간에 북한에서의 식품안정성 차이는 없었다. 이 연구를 통하여 고령의 북한이탈 여성이 골다공증 위험군임을 파악하였으며 뼈 건강에 중요한 영양소인 칼슘 섭취가 낮은 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 코호트 자료를 활용하였으나 골밀도 검사와 식이조사가 같은 시기에 이루어져서 인과관계를 파악하는데 한계가 있다. 24시간 회상법의 경우 하루만 진행하였기에 평상시 식생활을 반영하기에는 어려움이 있지만 식품섭취빈도조사도 같은 결과를 보였기에 신뢰할 수 있는 결과라고 하겠다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 북한이탈 여성에 대한 반드시 뼈 건강에 대한 건강증진 프로그램이 필요하다고 하겠다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.500-511
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, bone density, serum profiles, nutrient intakes and diet quality of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For the study, we obtained data for analysis from the combined 2008~2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The height and weight were 157.8 cm and 58.7 kg in premenopausal women and 155.5 cm and 58.3 kg in postmenopausal women, respectively. The obesity rate was 27.49% in premenopausal women and 34.98% in postmenopausal women (p<0.001). Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those in premenopausal women (p<0.001). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 0.0~0.89% in premenopausal women and 0.48~13.22% in postmenopausal women (p<0.001). In postmenopausal women, rates of hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, depression, and diabetes were significantly higher than those in premenopausal women. Water, fat. ash, sodium, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intakes in premenopausal women were significantly higher than those in postmenopausal women. Water, fiber, Ca, and, K intakes were below KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans) in both groups. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of premenopausal women was higher than that of postmenopausal women (p<0.001). The index of nutritional quality (INQ) in premenopausal women was also higher than that of postmenopausal women except iron and vitamin C. Therefore dietary guidelines and an education program should be developed for desirable improvement of health, bone density, nutrient status and dietary quality of postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.26-36
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• 2004

Objective : To examine the association between hospital procedure volume and treatment outcomes following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Methods : Out of 1,050 patients who received allo-BMTs between 1998 and 2000 in 21 Korean hospitals, 752 with first allo-BMT and complete data were included in this study. Study subjects were divided into the following three groups according to cumulative hospital experience of all-BMTs during the study period: low (<30 cases), medium (30-49) and high ($\geq$50 cases) volume. Patient outcome was defined as early survival at day 100 and one-year survival. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between hospital experience and survival at day 100 and one year. Results : When the low volume group was defined as the reference group, the adjusted relative risks (RR) of survival at day 100 for the high volume group were 2.46(95% CI, 1.13-5.36) for all patients, 2.61(1.04-6.57) for those with leukemia, and 2.20(0.47-10.32) for those with aplastic anemia. For one-year survival, adjusted RR for the high volume group were 2.52(1.40-4.51) for all patients, 1.99 (1.01-3.93) for leukemia, and 6.50(1.57-26.80) for aplastic anemia. None of the RR for the medium volume group was statistically significant. Patient factors showing significant relationship with survival were donor-recipient relation, human leukocyte antigen matching status, time from diagnosis to transplant, and disease stage. Conclusions : The study results suggest that the cumulative experience of hospitals in providing allo-BMT is positively associated with patient survival.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2005

Purpose: To identify Osteoporosis and the related risk factors in middle-aged women, the descriptive survey was done. Method: The subjects were measured in 465 residents who were 40-60 aged healthy women. They underwent ultrasound measurement and health examination in G city's Health Center in Gyeonggi-do, Korea from July 2000 to March 2001. The self-reported questionnaire consisted of total 17 items about risk factors related to osteoporosis. The evaluation of bone density was based on ultrasound measurements of right heel. All data were analyzed by SAS-PC Program. Result: Mean age of the subjects was 46.7. Mean T score related to bone density was -1.30, ranged from -3.52 to 3.06. In diagnosis classification according to T score, 74.8% of subjects was normal, 12.9% was osteopenia, 12.3% was osteoporosis. Among risk factors, there were significant differences by age (t=15.35. p=0.000), parity (F=12.81, p=0.000), menopause status (t=22.05, p=0.000), period after menopause (F=5.20, p=0.006). The higher frequency of delivery, postmenopausal and longer period after postmenopause of subjects had the lower the bone density. Conclusion: It would be necessary to develop and apply the community-based health promotion program for middle-aged women to prevent osteoporosis.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.24-27
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• 2009

본 연구는 일개 농촌주민들을 대상으로 신체구성, 운동(과거 운동여부), 체력상태, 골밀도를 조사하고, 골밀도와의 관련된 요인을 파악하여 농촌 주민들의 골다공증 예방을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 143명을 대상으로 연구하였고, 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자들 연령이 증가할수록, 교육수준이 낮을수록 골밀도가 낮았다(p<0.05). 2. 만성질환이 있는 경우는 없는 경우보다 골밀도가 낮았다(p<0.05). 3. 체중 BMI 체지방량 제지방량이 많이 나가는 경우가 낮은 경우보다 골밀도가 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 4. 과거 운동을 했던 경우와 기초대사량이 높은 경우, 근육량이 많은 경우 골밀도가 높았다(p<0.01). 5. 악력 윗몸일으키기 팔굽혀펴기 등 체력이 좋은 경우 골밀도가 높았다(p<0.01). 6. 골밀도 수치를 종속변수로 한 다중 회귀분석결과 연령, 만성질환 유무, 과거 운동유무가 유의한 변수로 나타났다.