• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2010

The combination of a bolt and nut is the element most widely used for connecting machines and structures. When a load is repetitively applied in the direction right angle to the bolt axis after the bolt and nut is fastened, the nut gradually becomes loose. To solve this problem, in this study, a new type of the loose-proof nut, called a lock nut, is developed. The lock nut is equipped with a spring, and the spring increases the axial force of the bolt. Then, the connection force between the bolt and nut is also augmented. Three dimensional finite element models for the bolt and spring are generated, and the change of the axial force of the bolt while the bolt is being inserted into the spring is analyzed using MSC/Marc, a commercial finite element program. Finally, the optimum shape of the spring is found according to the response surface analysis methodology. The optimization result is verified by comparing the variation of the axial force of the bolt when the bolt is inserted to the initial and optimized spring.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.433-444
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• 2019

Fatigue failure of a grid structure using bolt-sphere joints is liable to occur in a high-strength bolt due to the alternating and reciprocal actions of a suspension crane. In this study, variable amplitude fatigue tests were carried out on 20 40 Cr steel alloy M30 high-strength bolts using an MTS fatigue testing machine, and four cyclic stress amplitude loading patterns, Low-High, High-Low, Low-High-Low, and High-Low-High, were tested. The scanning electron microscope images of bolt fatigue failure due to variable amplitude stress were obtained, and the fractographic analysis of fatigue fractures was performed to investigate the fatigue failure mechanisms. Based on the available data from the constant amplitude fatigue tests, the variable amplitude fatigue life of an M30 high-strength bolt in a bolt-sphere joint was estimated using both Miner's rule and the Corten-Dolan model. Since both cumulative damage models gave similar predictions, Miner's rule is suggested for estimating the variable-amplitude fatigue life of M30 high-strength bolts in a grid structure with bolt-sphere joints; the S-N fatigue curve of the M30 high-strength bolts under variable amplitude loading was derived using equivalent stress amplitude as a design parameter.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.709-726
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• 2015

In this study, a novel vision-based bolt-loosening monitoring technique is proposed for bolted joints connecting tubular steel segments of the wind turbine tower (WTT) structure. Firstly, a bolt-loosening detection algorithm based on image processing techniques is developed. The algorithm consists of five steps: image acquisition, segmentation of each nut, line detection of each nut, nut angle estimation, and bolt-loosening detection. Secondly, experimental tests are conducted on a lab-scale bolted joint model under various bolt-loosening scenarios. The bolted joint model, which is consisted of a ring flange and 32 sets of bolt and nut, is used for simulating the real bolted joint connecting steel tower segments in the WTT. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed vision-based technique is evaluated by bolt-loosening monitoring in the lab-scale bolted joint model.

• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 2001년도 추계공동학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.25-36
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• 2001

록볼트의 작용효과는 지반이 굴착되어 안정화되는 초기 1달간이 가장 중요하고 품질관리 문제는 지반조건에 따라 부식에 대한 문제가 있으나, 기존의 전면접착형 록볼트의 경우도 작업여건상 그 확실성은 떨어지는 것이 현실이다. 또한 작업이 시간소모가 크고, 볼트의 지지효과도 충진재가 고결되어야 발효되는 약점을 갖고 있어, 일본, 말레이시아, 유럽 등에서 전면 마찰형 즉시 지보기능이 가능한 Swellex Bolt를 영구지보재로 사용하고 있는 경향이 있다. 기존의 전면 접착형 SN Bolt(이형철근)로써 Grouting 몰탈볼트와 Cem Bolt로 설계된 장대·대단면 도로터널 지보재를 현대식 Swellex Bolt로 대체 설계변경이 가능한 것인지에 대하여 볼트의 지지력 시험(Pullout Test), 볼트재질의 내구성 연구 및 설계변경에 따른 수치해석 등을 실시하여, 볼트로써 지지력을 확인하고, 재질의 안전성을 조사한 후 시공 사이클 타임을 줄이며, 견고하고 시공성이 우수한 Swellex Bolt로의 설계변경을 제안하게 되었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.843-852
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• 2013

This paper presents results of the effect of different bolt tightening sequences and methods on the performance of gasketed bolted flange joint using nonlinear finite element analysis. Bolt preload scatter due to elastic interactions, flange stress variation and bolt bending due to flange rotation and gasket contact stress variation is difficult to eliminate in torque control method i.e. tightening one bolt at a time. Although stretch control method (tightening more than one bolt at time) eradicates the bolt preload scatter, flange stress variation is relatively high. Flange joint's performance is compared to establish relative merits and demerits of both the methods and different bolt tightening sequences.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 세계 도시지반공학 심포지엄
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• pp.1530-1535
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• 2009

The cable bolt is useful underground space support system such as mining in Europe. In spite of favorable strength characteristics, past record of the cable bolt is rarely in Korea. In this study, to evaluate the mechanically characteristics the cable bolt on tunnel support system. To conduct the laboratory strength test in order to enquire material properties as reinforcement material and numerical analysis was performed considering laboratory test results. To estimate the behavior characteristics on tunnel system in which supported by the cable bolt system and compared the behavior characteristics with the rebar rock bolt system result.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

Twelve push-out test specimens were conducted with various parameters to study the static and fatigue performance of a new through-bolt shear connector transferring the shear forces of interface between prefabricated hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) slabs and steel girders. It was found that the fibers could improve the fatigue life, capacity and initial stiffness of through-bolt shear connector. While the bolt-hole clearance reduced, the initial stiffness, capacity and slippage of through-bolt shear connector increased. After the steel-concrete interface properties were improved, the initial stiffness increased, and the capacity and slippage reduced. Base on the test results, the equation of the load-slip curve and capacity of through-bolt shear connector with prefabricated HFRC slab were obtained by the regression of test results, and the allowable range of shear force under fatigue load was recommended, which could provide the reference in the design of through-bolt shear connector with prefabricated HFRC slabs.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

대규모 사면이나 암반구조물의 불안정한 지반을 새로운 평형상태로 유지시키기 위한 지보재로서 그라운 드 앵커, 케이블 볼트, 록 볼트와 최근 새로운 형태로 개발된 지보재인 스파이럴 볼트가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재 가장 널리 이용되고 있는 지보재인 록 볼트와 새롭게 개발되고 있는 스파이럴 볼트를 대상으로 터널 내 현장 인발시험을 수행하여 지보재의 특성을 분석하였다. 최대인발하중의 변화 양상을 살펴보기 위해 수행한 스파이럴 볼트와 록 볼트에 대한 3회 재인발시험의 결과를 보면 스파이럴 볼트의 경우는 인발시험 횟수에 관계 없이 거의 일정함을 보였는데, 이것은 지보재가 최대인발하중에 도달할지라도 스파이럴 볼트와 충전재 사이에 파괴가 거의 일어나지 않으므로 일정한 최대인발하중을 보이는 것으로 판단된다. 반면에 록 볼트의 경우 인발시 험의 횟수가 증가할수록 인발하중은 점점 감소하였는데, 이것은 지보재가 최대인발하중에 도달할 때 록 볼트와 충전재 사이에 일부분 파괴가 발생함으로 인해서 나타나는 현상으로 판단된다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.407-426
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• 2022

Superior to traditional welded studs, high strength friction-grip bolted shear connectors facilitate the assembling and demounting of the composite members, which maximizes the potential for efficiency in the construction and retrofitting of new and old structures respectively. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the structural properties of high strength friction-grip bolts used in steel concrete composite beams. By means of push-out tests, an experimental study was conducted on post-installed high strength friction-grip bolts, considering the effects of different bolt size, concrete strength, bolt tensile strength and bolt pretension. The test results showed that bolt shear fracture was the dominant failure mode of all specimens. Based on the load-slip curves, uplifting curves and bolt tensile force curves between the precast concrete slab and steel beam obtained by push-out tests, the anti-slip performance of steel-concrete interface and shear behavior of bolt shank were studied, including the quantitative analysis of anti-slip load, and anti-slip stiffness, frictional coefficient, shear stiffness of bolt shank and ultimate shear capacity. Meanwhile, the interfacial anti-slip stiffness and shear stiffness of bolt shank were defined reasonably. In addition, a total of 56 push-out finite element models verified by the experimental results were also developed, and used to conduct parametric analyses for investigating the shear behavior of high-strength bolted shear connectors in steel-concrete composite beams. Finally, on ground of the test results and finite element simulation analysis, a new design formula for predicting shear capacity was proposed by nonlinear fitting, considering the bolt diameter, concrete strength and bolt tensile strength. Comparison of the calculated value from proposed formula and test results given in the relevant references indicated that the proposed formulas can give a reasonable prediction.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간정보시스템학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 제1권1호(통권1호)
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• pp.53-62
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• 2004

A single layer latticed dome is one of the most efficient structures because of its low specivic gravity. For easily analyzing of a single layer latticed dome, joint system is assumed to be pin or rigid joint. However, its joint uses ball whose system has intermediate properties of pin and rigid joint. Therefore this study has a grasp of bending rigidity, stress and mechanical properties through experimental and analyzing method of the bolt inserted ball joint. To analyze the stress of bolt and sleeve, this study uses through 3D elastic contact and cubic element, and then the ball and the bolt are perfectly connected for easily analyzing Compared experimental results to F.E.M, each specimen has an error of less than 12 percent. In the results of stress distribution through F.E.M, stress occurs from bottom of bolt to top of sleeve, and most of tension appears on the bolt, also compression occurs from upper parts of the bolt to the sleeve. The assumption of bending stiffness in ball joint is well known that bolt resists only tension and upper sleeve resiss compression. The results of experiment and analysis have $7{\sim}56%$ error, assuring that upper part of bolt occurs of partial compression. In the result of modified assumption have $4{\sim}20%$ error.