• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.883-897
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• 1997

Present study was undertaken in order to find out the most significant laboratory test for the early diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs. Seven dogs weighing from 5.0kg to 19.3kg were administered orally 6ml or l0ml of ethylene glycol per kilogram of body weight. In addition to clinical observations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein on 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours or until death after the adminisration and examined for the hematological, blood chemical, venous blood gas and electrolyte changes. Urine samples were simultaneously taken and examined for pH, protein, glucose and calcium oxalate crystals in the sediments. The results were as follows : 1. All dogs showed marked hypothermia in addition to the characteristic signs of ethylene glycol poisoning until death. 2. No significant hematological changes were observable after the administration of ethylene glycol except the secondary dehydration and stress leukogram. 3. Chemical values related to the liver function(serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum total bilirubin) showed no significant changes during the experimental period in all dogs. 4. Chemical values related to the renal function(BUN and creatinine) showed significant(p<0.0l, p<0.001) increase from 24 hours to death in all dogs. 5. All dogs showed significant(p<0.01, p<0.001) decrease in blood pH from 3 hours to death after the ethylene glycol administration. 6. All dogs showed significant(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) increaes in anion gap from 1 hour to death after the ethylene glycol administration. 7. All dogs showed significant(p<0.05, p<0.01) decrease in urine pH from 1 hour to 6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol. 8. Characteristic envelope form of calcium oxalate crystals were found in the urinary sediment from 6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol in all dogs. 9. Histologically calcium oxalate crystals were found in the renal rubles in all dogs. 10. From these results, it may be concluded that the examinations of urinary sediments for the calcium oxalate crystals, blood or urinary pH and blood anion gap are most reliable tests for the early diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2017

'Baekseung', a new variety of Flammulina velutipes, was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from KMCC 4210 and KMCC 4216 in the Mushroom Research Division, Baekseung ARES in 2016. The Baekseung and Uri1ho strains showed fast mycelial growth and mycelial density on malt extract agar media after 7 days of incubation. The spawn running period on the sawdust substrate required a cultivation period and temperature of 30 days and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, for primordia formation where in fruiting body development occurred from $11{\pm}1days$ at $14^{\circ}C$ and $14{\pm}1days$ at $7^{\circ}C$. The length of the pilei and stipes of the Baekseung harvested in optimal stag were $11.3{\pm}0.4$ and $89.2{\pm}7.1mm$, respectively, whereas the values for Uri1ho were $10.7{\pm}1.0$ and $91.3{\pm}20.8mm$, respectively. The yield of the Baekseung and Uri1ho strain grown on the sawdust substrate was $153.7{\pm}12.5$ and $139.8{\pm}17.8g$, respectively, per 850 ml in bottle cultivation. The inferred tree exhibited a phylogenetic relationship between the Korean white fruiting body strains of Baekseung, Uri1ho and Fv-14-a-38, Fv-14-a-51, and the Japanese white fruiting body-forming strains of KMCC 4226, and these were confirmed to be genetically related.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.374-385
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• 2008

A study has been performed to provide the basic information about the current dietary habits, health related behaviors, and body indices and to bring forward the importance of this information to the people's attention based upon the relation between employee's life patterns and health conditions in their daily lives. Three hundred and five department store workers were examined from August 2006 to September 2006. With the average BMI values $23.9{\pm}2.2$ for males and $20.0{\pm}1.9$ for females, both gender groups were in normal, but 62.2% of the males were overweight and 15.4% of the females were under-weight. Regarding dietary and health related factors on how they perceive themselves, as normal were 204 (66.9%) the most and bad and very bad were respectively 43 (14.1%) and 5 (1.6%). Half of the subjects (43.2%) perceived sleeping hours to be insufficient, and 64.4% of them need to exercise regularly. As problems related to eating habits, they reported irregular meal times, overeating, preference of hot and spicy food, skipping meal, unbalanced meals. Regarding weight control they have attempted were the most (73.0%), after weight reduction, 51.2% of the subjects had side effects, such as gastrointestinal troubles, anemia, dizziness, sense of fatigue, constipation, physiological disorder, and diarrhea, etc. In the food habit score, it was shown that overall average score of the subjects was $62.63{\pm}9.86$ which is lower than other studies. Female ($62.76{\pm}10.15$) had better score than male ($61.67{\pm}8.06$). While the item with the highest point was eat all three meals of the day, that was the lowest point, exercise every day. The food habit score of the younger group had lower than older group, and also they preferred sweet foods to other group. The results suggest that nutrition education for workers at specific working fields needs to be more focused on the improvement of dietary habits and health status of workers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1979

To evaluate the present status of physical fittness of Korean long distance runners, body fat, pulmonary functions, maximal oxygen intake and oxygen debt were measured in 5 elite marathoners (A group), 6 college student runners (B group) and 3 middle school student runners (C group). After laboratory tests, full course marathon running was performed in 2 elite marathoners during which their heart rates were monitored continuously. The results are summerized as follows: 1) Total body fat in all three groups are in the range of 13-15% of their body weight. 2) In all three groups, average values of various pulmonary functions were within the normal limits, but those of tidal volume were higher and respiratory rate were lower in comparison to normal values. These phenomena may represent respiratory adaptations against training. The average resting oxygen consumptions in A,B and C were $322{\pm}23$, $278{\pm}14$ and $287{\pm}16$m1/min, respectively. 3) In all three groups, resting blood pressures were in the normal range, but the resting heart rate was slightly lower in groups A $(56{\pm}3\;beats/min)$ and B $(64{\pm}2\;beats/min)$ and higher in group C $(82{\pm}9\;beats/min)$ in comparison to normal values. These changes in cardiovascular functions in marathoners may also represent adaptive phenomena. 4) During treadmill running the minute ventilation and oxygen consumption of the runners increased lineally with work load in all three groups. When the oxygen consumption was related to heart rate, it appeared to be a exponential function of the heart rate in all three groups. 5) The average maximal heart rates during maximal work were $196{\pm}3$, $191{\pm}3$ and $196{\pm}5\;beats/min$ for groups A,B and C, respectively. Maximal oxygen intakes were $84.2{\pm}3.3\;ml/min/kg$ in group A, $65.2{\pm}1.1\;ml/min/kg$ in group B and $58.7{\pm}0.4\;ml/min/kg$ in group C. 6) In all three groups, oxygen debts and the rates of recovery of heart rate after treadmill running were lower than those of long ditsance runners reported previously. 7) The 40 km running time in 2 elite marathoners was recorded to be $2^{\circ}42'25'$, and their mean speed was 243 m/min (ranged 218 to 274 m/min). The heart rate appeared to increase lineally with running speed, and the total energy expenditure during 40 km running was approximately 1360.2 Calories. From these it can be speculated that if their heart rates were maintained at 166 beats/min during the full course of marathon running, their records would be arround $2^{\circ}15'$. Based on these results, we may suspect that a successful long distance running is, in part, dependent on the economical utilization of one's aerobic capacity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1980

Extracorporeal circulation by hemodilution technique has been currently used with its clinical safety and good peripheral tissue perfusion in open heart surgery. There is no doubt that $O_{2}$ carrying capacity of the blood is disturbed by decreased hemoglobin level resulting from hemodilution of the circulating blood. From the view point of the blood gas exchange, these experimental studies were undertaken to determined the sate limit of hemodilution in the condition of cardiopulmonary bypass with a constant perfusion flow rate. Twelve adult mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 13 Kg. were anesthetized with pentobarbital and then respiration was controlled with Harvard volume respirator using room air. The cardiopulmonary by pass was performed by use of Sarns heart lung machine (console 5000, 5 head and 2 roller pumps) and Travenol pediatric bubble oxygenator. The perfusion rate during bypass was maintained at a constant rate of 80 ml/min/Kg of body weight. The ratio of oxygen gas flow to blood flow was kept in 3 to 1 constantly. International hemodilution was attained by serial blood withdrawals and immediate infusion of equal volumes of diluants composed of Ringer's lactate, 5% dextrose in water and 25% mannitol solution, proportionally 60%, 30%, and 10%. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained between 15 and 20 minutes following each hemodilution. Hematocrits and hemoglobin values, $PO_{2}$, $PCO_{2}$ and pH were measured. Oxygen and carbon dioxide contents oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination were calculated groups according to different hematocrit values and the correlations were evaluated. Result were as follows. 1. the arterial $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation were maintained at the physiological level irrespective of the hematocrit value. 2. The venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation showed a tendency to decline with the decrease in hematocrit value and positive correlation between them (r = +0.49, r = +0.76), The mean values of venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation, however, were not decreased when the hematocrit levels were lower than 20%. 3. The arterial $O_{2}$ content declined lineally in proportion to the fall of hematocrit level with a positive correlation between them (r = +0.95). 4. The venous $O_{2}$ contents were decreased gradually as the hematocrit value decreased with positive correlation between them ( r =+0.89). The trend of diminution of venous $O_{2}$ content, however, was became low according to progressive decrease of hematocrit level. 5. Systemic oxygen consumption was in higher range than $O_{2}$ requirement of basal metabolism when the hematocrit value was above 20%, but abruptly decreased when the hematocrit value became to below 20%. 6. The arterial $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content showed trend of increasing with progressive decrease of hematocrit value but exhibited a rather broad range and there was no relationship between those value and the hematocrit value. 7. The venous $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content have also no correlation with change of Ht. value but related directly to those value of arterial blood with positive correlation between them (r = +0.78, r = +0.95_. 8. A-V difference of $CO_{2}$ content and $CO_{2}$ elimination wasnot significantly influenced by Ht. value. From the results, we obtained that feasible limit in inteneional hemodilution is above the hematocrit value of 20% under the given experimental condition.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2009

Background: Background: Computed tomography (CT) is the main tool for detecting abnormalities of the thoracic aorta, but conventional CT only shows the cross-sectional images. These CT images have some limitations fo accuratly measuring the thoracic aortic diameters at various levels. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) overcomes these limitations. We measured the thoracic aortic diameter perpendicular to the loop-shaped thoracic aortic course and this was studied in relation to age, gender, height, weight, the body surface area, the body mass index and the presence of hypertension. Material and Method: Thirty hundred thirty one patients (males: 141 patients and females: 190 patients) who had no abnormalities of the thoracic aorta were investigated using MDCT aortography. They were divided into three age categories: 20~39 years old, 40~59 years old and over age 60. The image was reformed with multiplanar reconstruction and the diameter of the aorta was measured perpendicular to the aortic course at 5 anatomic segments. Level A was the mid-ascending aorta, level B was the distal ascending aorta, level C was the aortic arch, level D was the aortic isthmus and level E was the mid-descending aorta. Result: The mean age was 49.5 years old for males and 54.9 years old for females (p<0.05). The mean diameter of the thoracic aorta at level A was 31.1 mm, that at level B was 30.2 mm, that at level C was 26.5 mm, that at level D was 24.0 mm and that at level E was 22.6 mm. The diameters at all the levels were gradually increased with age. Hypertensive patients had larger diameters than did the non-hypertensive population. There was a positive correlation between the ascending aortic diameter (levels A&B) and height and the body surface area, but there were no statistical differences at the aortic arch (level C) and the descending aorta (levels D&E). There were no statistical differences of the weight and body mass index at all levels. Conclusion: The diameters of the thoracic aortas were directly correlated with gender, age and hypertension. Height and the body surface area were only correlated with the ascending aorta. Weight and the body mass index have no statistical difference at all levels. We measured the age related thoracic aortic diameters and the upper normal limits and we provide this data as reference values for the thoracic aortic diameter in the Korean population.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.351-368
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• 2004

Following the previous experiments, a starvation experiment was conducted to determine the influence of feeding and starvation on the histological and biochemical changes, the morphormetric changes in the sectioned body and the morphometric changes in Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Sauvage and Dabry). The influence of starvation on nutritional conditions of the histological changes of hepatocyte and intestinal epithelium as hepatosmatic index (HSI), protein, RNA and DNA concentrations of liver in R. oxycephalus was tested. Although the starved group showed higher concentrations of protein, DNA and RNA than the fed group, food deprivation resulted in a decrease in the HSI, hepatocyte nucleus size and nuclear height of the intestinal epithelium. The RNA - DNA ratio appears to be a useful index of nutritional status in R. oxycephalus and may be useful for determining if R. oxycephalus is in a period of rapid or slow growth at the time of sampling. Additionally, the data have been interpreted in detail and some biologically important relationships discussed. The effects of starvation on the morphometrical changes in sectioned body traits, condition factor, viscera index and dressing percentage were determined for evaluating nutritional conditions of R. oxycephalus. Starvation for nine weeks resulted in a decrease in most sectioned traits as well as in condition factor and viscera index (P<0.05). These findings suggest that nutritional parameters used in this study appear to be a useful index for nutritional status in this species. The data has been interpreted in detail and some important body sectioned values of interest to commercial growers discussed. A 75-day study was conducted to determine the effect of starvation on classical and truss parameters in R. oxycephalus. Truss dimensions of almost the entire head and trunk region as well as the abdomen were increased significantly through feeding or starvation (P<0.05). Truss dimensions of the caudal region generally decreased through feeding or starvation, particularly those dimensions at the hind part of the trunk. There were some significant decreases in classical dimensions of the head region during feeding, in relation to body depth characteristics in the trunk and caudal region during starvation, whereas there was only one decreasing classical dimension in the caudal region during feeding. The results of this study indicate that application of the truss network as a character set enforces classical coverage across the body form, discrimination among experimental groups thus being enhanced. Considering that the dimension of the lower part of the head and some truss and classical dimensions were least affected by feeding and starvation, these dimensions may then be useful as a taxonomical indicator to discriminate the species of Rhynchocypris sp. The value of trunk region dimensions with a large component of body depth in R. oxycephalus is most likely to be compromised by variability related to differences in feeding regimes of fish in different habitats.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.152-165
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• 2017

The greater long-tail hamster, Tscherskia triton, is widely distributed in Northern China, Korea and adjacent areas of Russia. Except for its distribution, biological characteristics related to life history, behavior, and ecological influences for this species are rarely studied in Korea. This study was conducted to obtain biological information on breeding, growth and development that are basic to species-specific studies. The study adopted laboratory management of a breeding programme for T. triton collected in Jeju Island from March, 2015 to December, 2016. According to the study results, the conception rate was 31.67% and the mice in the large cages had a higher rate of conception than those in the small cages (56.7 vs. 6.7%). The gestation period was $22{\pm}1.6days$ (ranges from 21 to27 days), and litter size ranged from 2 to 7, with a mean of $4.26{\pm}1.37$ in the species. The minimum age for weaning was between $19.2{\pm}1.4days$ (range of 18-21 days). There were no significant differences by sex between mean body weight and external body measurements at birth. However, a significant sexual difference was found from the period of weaning (21 days old) in head and body length, as well as tail length (HBL-weaning, $106.50{\pm}6.02$ vs. $113.34{\pm}4.72mm$, p<0.05; HBL-4 months, $163.93{\pm}5.42$ vs. $182.83{\pm}4.32mm$, p<0.05; TL-4 months, $107.23{\pm}3.25$ vs. $93.95{\pm}2.15mm$, p<0.05). Gompertz and Logistic growth curves were fitted to data for body weight and lengths of head and body, tail, ear, and hind foot. In two types of growth curves, males exhibited greater asymptotic values ($164.840{\pm}7.453$ vs. $182.830{\pm}4.319mm$, p<0.0001; $163.936{\pm}5.415$ vs. $182.840{\pm}4.333mm$, p<0.0001), faster maximum growth rates ($1.351{\pm}0.065$ vs. $1.435{\pm}0.085$, p<0.05; $2.870{\pm}0.253$ vs. $3.211{\pm}0.635$, p<0.05), and a later age of maximum growth than females in head and body length ($5.121{\pm}0.318$ vs. $5.520{\pm}0.333$, p<0.05; $6.884{\pm}0.336$ vs. $7.503{\pm}0.453$, p<0.05). However, females exhibited greater asymptotic values ($105.695{\pm}5.938$ vs. $94.150{\pm}2.507mm$, p<0.001; $111.609{\pm}14.881$ vs. $93.960{\pm}2.150mm$, p<0.05) and longer length of inflection ($60.306{\pm}1.992$ vs. $67.859{\pm}1.330mm$, p<0.0001; $55.714{\pm}7.458$ vs. $46.975{\pm}1.074mm$, p<0.05) than males in tail length. These growth rate constants, viz. the morphological characters and weights of the males and females, were similar to each other in two types of growth curves. These results will be used as necessary data to study species specificity of T. triton with biological foundations.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.267-282
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• 2002

For the effective study of Korean modernization from the 18th century to the present, three areas have been investigated in my paper: the age of dawn in recognizing the necessity of modernism, the era of experimentation from recognition to practice, and the development of modernism in literature: from the 1930s to the present. Through whole process of discussing those matters, Koreanity- identifying itself to be Korean - has been emphasized. While the so-called traditional values confronted with the whole turmoil of socio-political demolitions in the name of modernization, westernization, and culturalization, Korean intellectuals tried to emphasize how important it was to keep Korean identities, namely the Koreanity. Such examples can be seen in the activities of Northern School and Moderate School. Though Koreans had to have a short hair cut in contradiction with their traditional morality to be modernized/westernized/cultivated, it was a turning point for them to take a step toward the international world. During the period of Korean modernization through the impact of Western world, Korean language-hangul- has been cultivated to the highest level in comparison with two foreign languages: Japanese and English. Those Korean linguists who were familiar with these two languages made Korean grammar systematic and they understood the importance of preserving Koreanity in the course of pursuing modem western society. In this sense, Korean modernism is related to the cultural glocalism(globalism+ localism), not to the cultural globalism. Through the help of socio-political modernization, Korean literature in modernism has been full bloomed in the early years of 1930s. One of the leading poets was Sang Lee whose poetic heritage is inherited by those groups of 1950s and I 960s. Among many others, Chunsu Kim and Sunghun Lee were the main figures in realizing the fact the poetry is written in Korean which they considered the body, the soul, and the mother land.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.563-573
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• 2009

This study analyzed the trends and aesthetic characteristics of fur design found in the contemporary fashion to examine the status of fur material in the contemporary fashion design, and through an analysis of the meaning it attempted to come up with a new viewpoint and form on material for the future fashion design. A literature review was used to explore the kinds and properties of furs. In addition, an empirical analysis of works that have appeared in fashion collections since the year 2000 was conducted with local and foreign fashion magazines such as Gap, Vogue, and Mode & Mode and other publications related to fashion collections. In the contemporary fashion, the trends of fur design are represented by use of various items, material combinations, application to decorative purposes(like trimmings, details, or accessories), and a wide range of colors and textures available by advanced dyeing and finishing techniques. The aesthetic values intrinsic to fur design are that the expression of conspicuous luxury covers even the qualitative aspect of luxury and adds fashionable images to casual items, contributing to the popularization of fur fashion, by using a variety of artificial furs; the expression of sensual feminine beauty allows the animal and primitive feel characteristic of furs to convert a feminine body into a sensual image of more than a simple biological impulse; and the expression of hybridity presents a new viewpoint through distortions, exaggerations, deviations from the existing constituent forms, or futuristic sensibilities in all elements of fashion design.