• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.167-171
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• 2004

The growth of soybean sprout was greatly influenced by watering systems： Fixed watering system (water tub was loaded at ceiling upper of culture box and water was showered by bottom holes) was estimated the better than that of reciprocating watering and tub immersing watering because it could cool down the temperature in culture box and wash the organic substances on the body of sprout. The fixed watering system showed good body color and preventing effect of partial rotting of sprout because it could discharge $\textrm{CO}_2$ gas effectively in culture box and keep the concentration below 5%. The concentration of gases at the bottom (about 30 cm height from basal plate) of culture box in fourth or fifth days was L6% for $\textrm{CO}_2$ and 13-16% for $\textrm{O}_2$, respectively. The optimum gas concentration in culture box was considered to be over 10% for $\textrm{O}_2$ and below 5% for $\textrm{CO}_2$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.109-115
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• 2010

We investigated the morphological traits, hardness and color of fruting bodies on eight strains according to changes of the humidities in mushroom house in Flammulina velutipes. The morphological traits like length and thickness of stipe, diameter and thickness of pilei didn't show any relations to humidity. Variation of these traits were rather showed by strains. ASI 4065 and ASI 4031 produced the longest stipes and ASI 4103 did the shortest ones. Fruiting body of ASI 4103 showed the most thickness of stipe, diameter and thickness of pilei. The pilei of ASI 4065, ASI 4021 and the stipe of ASI 4153 was the thinest. Brightness (L) values of white strains were increased at the low humidity except ASI 4021. But chroma (a, b) value showed little variation according to the humidity. L value of brown strains usually increased at the low humidity and a chroma (a, b) value showed little variation according to the humidity. But the chroma (a) value of pilei increased and the chroma (b) value of pilei decreased at the hight humidity. Most strains were brighter at pilei than at stipes. Hardness were not any relations to the humidity. In general, hardness of stipes were higher than that of pilei and their degrees were different according to strains. Hardness of ASI 4021 was the highest and ASI 4166 was the lowest. White strains were higher than brown strains at the hardness. As a result, hardness was rather affected by strains than by humidity.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2007

All intra-specific hybrids among ASI $2172{\times}2104$, $2172{\times}2307$, $2186{\times}2172$ and $2186{\times}2307$ in P. salmoneostramineus produced pink fruiting bodies as like wild parental types. However, three hybrids of them between ASI 2186 and 2104 were white fruiting bodies. A new commercial strain "Noeul" of Pink Oyster mushroom was developed by intra-specific hyphal anastomosis. It was improved with hybridization between monokaryotic strain derived from ASI 2172 and ASI 2104. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth and fruiting body development were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and $19{\sim}24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The pileus was bright reddish pink. Commercial strain "Noeul" was as prolific as the more commonly cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus in the conversion of substrate mass to mushrooms using bottle cultivation. Mushroom cultivator can save money for mushroom growing on summer in Korea. Mushrooms should be picked when moderately young, and handled carefully so as to not bruise the brilliantly colored gills. This pink color makes marketing an interesting challenge depending upon the market niche.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.347-364
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• 2006

This study is concerned with assessment of diethylnitrosamine (DEN 0.01 %) induced liver cell carcinogenesis by measurement of changes preceding the development of neoplasms. Therefore, it was undertaken to investigate changes of liver-specific enzyme activities in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by ad libitum feeding of DEN. And also. the changes of hepatic morphology in SD rats were detected by haematoxylineosin stain and immunohistochemistry (PCNA). 5- Fluorouracil (5- FU) is one of the most widely used anticancer agents for digestive cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, and is known to affect the cell cycle and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the present study, SD rats were given drinking water containing 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 8 weeks. Minor behavioral change, brittleness of hair and decreased amount of water and diet intake were observed in rats 4 weeks after DEN administration. The body and liver weights were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in rats 11 weeks after DEN administration. The liver weight ratio to body weight was rather stable and not significantly decreased in the all treatment groups. The liver specific enzyme activities (AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP) were significantly increased in all treatment groups compared to control group (p < 0.05). Variable size of liver tumor and hepatomegaly were observed in rats treated with DEN after 10 weeks. Numerous vacuoles were seen on the midzonal and or peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm or densely basophilic mitotic nucleoli were seen. Several proliferative small round cells were seen on vacuolated and necrotic areas in peripheral hepatic lobules or portal areas. PCNA-positive cells were seen on the vacuolated portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the areas of small round cells. We examined functional and morphological changes of livers by 5 - FU treatments on DEN -treated rat. The DEN -treated rats compared to 5 - FU -treated rats after DEN treatment for 8 weeks. The serum total protein and triglyceride were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, and the liver enzyme activities of AST and ALT were significantly(p < 0.05) increased. After 8 weeks, in the non-5-FU -treated group, the size of liver tumor were varied and hepatomegaly were observed, hepatocellular vacuolization, necrosis and steatosis were observed on the midzonal and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes were seen, the interlobular connective tissues were proliferated. PCNA positive cells were seen in the portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the non-5-FU-treated group. In hepatocytes, condensation of nuclear chromatin and vacuolization were observed, shape of the nuclei were irregular, the degraded nuclei and organelles were observed. The livers of rats in the 5 - FU treatment group were seen grossly brilliant, red-brown color, and the vacuolated and degenerated regions, hyperplastic nodules were not nearly observed. In the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contained a large number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, developed organelles surrounding nuclei. The above findings suggest that 5 - FU will be effective as anti -liver tumor drug.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-216
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• 2015

A new commercial strain "Mongdol" of oyster mushroom was developed by hyphal anastomosis. It was improved with hybridization between monokaryotic strain derived from Pleurotus ostreatus ASI 0627 and dikaryotic strain derived from P. ostreatus ASI 2929. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth and fruiting body development were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and $12{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, respectively. When two different media including PDA (potato dextrose agar medium) and MCM (mushroom complete medium) were compared, the mycelial growth of this mushroom was faster in MCM than in PDA. Similar result was observed with the control strain P. ostreatus ASI 2504. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar "Mongdol" showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strain ASI 2504, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP3 and URP6 were used. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 106 g using demonstration farms. The color of pileus was blackish gray and the stipe was long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain "Mongdol" will satisfy the consumer's demand for high quality mushrooms.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2012

This study aimed to develop a new type of functional citrus beverage (Citurs-F) containing flavonoids extracted from the young fruits of satsuma mandarin ($Citrus$ $unshiu$) and matured fruits of Jeju native dangyooja ($C.$ $grandis$). We made beverages that contained 30% of satsuma mandarin extract with different percentages of concentrated dangyooja-derived flavonoid extracts. In sensory evalution, the highest response indices of color, taste and aroma were from the beverages based on the 30% young fruit extracts plus 15% (Citrus-F-15) and 20% (Citrus-F-20) flavonoids extract from the dangyooja using the KILO prep. In the changes of body weight after oral administration of the Citrus-F, the rat group with HF diet plus the Citrus-F decreased the body weight compared to the rat group fed only HF diet. This effect was to be continued for 9 weeks until the end of experiment. In the lipid content in blood, the rat group with oral administration of citrus extractions merely tended to resolve it in serum test. However, all the 0.1% Citrus-F-15 and Citrus-F-20 treated rat groups from the beginning or after 5 weeks appeared the lowest lipid contents in the blood. In the cholesterol contents, the rat group feeding the KILO-prep's extraction from the beginning weren't significantly recognized them in the group but the rat group feeding 0.1% Citrus-F-15 acted to reduce in the cholesterol contents from 5 weeks. The results indicated that the Citrus-F-15 with rich flavonoids might be main source alleviating the vascular diseases and obesity in human diet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2008

Mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes on solid or liquid culture media supplemented with differentconcentrations of oak wood vinegar varied depending on the types of wood vinegar or mushroom varieties used.Oak wood vinegar obtained from traditionally carbonizing kiln (TWV) inhibited mycelial growth of L. edodes atthe dilution level of less than $5{\times}10^{-2}$, but stimulated at $10^{-3}$ to $2{\times}10^{-3}$. Wood vinegar from mechanicallycarbonizing kiln (MWV) inhibited at $10^{-3}$, but stimulated at $2{\times}10^{-3}$. In liquid culture media, both wood vinegarinhibited at $5{\times}10^{-2}$, but stimulated at $2{\times}10^{-3}$. Sanjo-302-ho grown in liquid culture media at $2{\times}10^{-3}$, and Sanrim 2and 3-ho grown at $4{\times}10^{-3}$ showed relatively high degree of wood decay (DWD) and growing ability within wood(GAWW) when these isolates were inoculated onto oak wood logs. TWV completely inhibited mycelial growth ofgreen mold fungi, Trichoderma species, tested at $5{\times}10^{-1}$ dilution level, while MWV inhibited at $5{\times}10^{-1}$ to $5{\times}10^{-2}$dilution level. For Diatrype stigma, TWV inhibited mycelial growth at the dilution level of less than $5{\times}10^{-2}$, whileMWV did 80% of mycelial growth at $10^{-2}$, and 100% at $5{\times}10^{-1}$ dilution level. Fresh and dry weight of fruitingbodies harvested after soaking of wood logs into wood vinegar solutions with different concentrations werecompared, and were the highest at $2.5{\times}10^{-2}$ dilution level. Storage test of fruiting bodies at $10^{\circ}C$ for 10 daysshowed that fruiting bodies harvested after soaking in the solution with $2.5{\times}10^{-2}$ dilution level showed the bestfreshness by general test and color changes. In addition, shear force value of L. edodes fruiting bodies measuredby using texture analyzer showed that $2.5{\times}10^{-2}$ dilution level was the best concentration for keeping flesh texture.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.469-485
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• 1996

Orthodontic patients are individuals that grow and develop ; therefore selection of the proper time for orthodontic treatment is considered to be one of most difficult and yet difficult factor. Since the development of cephalometric X-ray, amount and Pattern of craniofacial growth change with aging could be predicted and be came useful in the process of orthodontic treatment. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements and body height and weight was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean children from the ages 6-years to 17-years. 409 boys and 437 girls with no abnormality in growth and development and no history of orthodontic treatment from the ages of 6 years to 17 years were chosen as subjects Cephaloment X-ray were taken for 3 years and hard tissue analysis based on Burstone's COGS, which was devided into measurements of 6 parts(Cranial base, Maxillar and Mandible, Dental measurements). The relationship between craniofacial growth and height & weight was studied. The following conclusions were obtained : 1. The maximum growth in the measurements of cranial base, N-Ar(FH), N-Ba(FH) corresponded with the age with the maximum increase in body height & weight in both boys and girls. 2. Genial angle gradually decreased with aging in both boys and girls. 3. N-ANS(L) showed greater amount of growth than ANS-Ne(L), and this had greater influence on facial profile. 4. N-A-$Pog^{\circ}$ decreased with aging, and mandibular growth exceeded maxillary growth in amount and rate. 5. Length of Y-axis Increased, but Y-axis to FH plane remained constant. This show that mandible grows at a constant angulation to cranial base. 6. As permanent teeth erupt, interincisal angle deceased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1968

Dividing into six(6) experimental groups; Stock Diet(SD) Group, Rice Diet(RD) Group, Rice Diet supplemented with Barley(RD-BD) Group, Barley Diet(BD) Group, Rice Diet supplemented with Millet(RD-MD) Group, and Millet Diet(MD) Group, biochemical and nutritional effects of rice, barley, and millet on rats are studied. The grains used in this experiment are polished ones and purchased from market. Six(6) weaning male albino rats are housed into the individual cages in each group and fed with each experimental diet and water ad libitum for 21 weeks. The composition of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. At the end of experiment, the appearences of rats are observed and the bloods are sampled by heart puncture method following ether anesthesia for determinations of serum protein and serum cholesterol. And the livers are sampled immediately right after heart after heart puncture for determinations of liver weight, liver nitrogen, liver fat, and liver glycogen. And also liver tissues are observed histologically. The result of growth experiment is shown in Table 2 and Figure 7. The results of blood analysis are shown in Table 3 and the results of liver analysis are shown in Table 4. And the histological observations of liver tissue are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. According to the above results, it could be summarized as follows; 1) The normal appearences are observed at SD Group and BD Group. Alopecia is observed at RD, RD-­BD, RD-MD, and MD groups and the wet appearences of hair are observed at RD-MD and MD groups. The color of hair is changed to yellowish white at RD, RD-MD groups. The maximum growth inhibition, is observed at MD group and the growths of RD, RD-BD, BD, and RD-MD groups are significantly lower than that of SD group. The growth of RD group is lower than those of RD-BD and BD groups, though this difference is not significant. 2) At the blood analysis, the highest serum protein content is shown at SD group and the lowest serum protein is observed at MD group. The serum cholesterol contents are not significantly different among the six(6) experimental groups. 3) The highest liver weight is observed at SD group and the lowest weight is shown at MD group. However, oppositely the highest liver weight per 100 grams of body weight at MD group and the lowest liver weight per 100 grams of body weight at SD group are observed as shown in Table 6. 4) The differences of liver nitrogen contents of RD, RB-BD, BD, RD-MD, and MD Groups are not significant except SD group showing the highest content. 5) The significant highest content of liver fat is observed at RD group and the lowest content of liver fat is shown at SD group. And no significant differences in contents of liver glycogen are observed among the six(6) experimental groups. 6) No significant abnormal histological changes of liver tissue are observed at SD, RD-BD, and BD groups. However, the fat metamorphosis at peripheral zone of liver tissue is observed at RD Group and the some histological abnormal changes are observed at RD-MD and MD groups. According to the above summaries, the followings might be estimated and recommended; 1) The BD group shows histological normality of liver tissue, improvement of liver fat and liver nitrogen, normality of appearence, and better growth compared with RD Group. This could be indicated that barley is nutritionally and biochemically better than rice as the feeding diet on rat. And it might be considered that there might be the species speciality for nutritionary evaluation of food. 2) Recently, Marshall indicated that the high consumption of carbohydrate causes fatty liver and Kondo reported that the higher consumption of rice causes the more heart disease and the shorter life span. Considering these reports, the higher consumption of rice as a main dish in our country should be considered as an important national nutritional problem. And this might be improved by supplementing with barley or other grains to rice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.753-760
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• 2007

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the immunocastration on the growth performance, the characteristics of carcass and meat quality in boar. Total 45 piglets(Landrace×Yorkshire) were prepared from the birth and were fed the experimental diet by the time to be slaughtered at around 110 kg of body weight. The experimental groups consisted of five piglets per pen with 3 replicates in three treatment groups, non castrated(NC), surgically castrated(SC), and GnRH antagonist(GA). In SC group, all piglets aged 3-4 days after birth were castrated by the surgical method. For the immunocastration, 2ml of GnRH antagonist(Improvac, Pfizer, Australia) were subcutaneously injected into piglets twice on the 16th and 20th week after the beginning of the trial in the GA group. The immunocastration did not make any significant influences on the growth performance, as compared with the other treatments. The different castration method used in either GA or SC group pigs had similar effects on the dressing percentage and body fat content as carcass parameters. In respect of a meat quality, the meat color, pH, shearing force and cooking loss were not significantly different in all treatment groups. Testosterone concentration in serum was shown to be similar between GA and SC group at 2 weeks after the 2nd injection of GnRH antagonist. The weight of bulbourethral gland and the radius and weight of testis were significantly smaller in GA than in NC(P=0.002). All together, this study suggested that the castration by immunocastration can be an alternative method for the surgical castration without any changes in growth performance, the characteristics of carcass and meat quality shown in surgical castration group.