• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.398-404
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• 2022

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the plasticizers used in the polyvinyl chloride(PVC) industry. It is known to be easily released into the environment. In this study, we investigated effects of DEHP on growth, metabolic pathway, and virulence gene expression in soil-borne bacterial plant pathogen, Pectobacterium carotovorum SCC1 using in vitro assays. As a result, DEHP at 20 ㎍ mL^-1 did not affect the growth, cell membrane permeability, or ATPase activity of P. carotovorum SCC1. However, it decreased succinyl-CoA synthase (SCS) activity in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Relative expression levels of virulence genes encoding pectate lyase and pectin were differentially influenced by DEHP treatment. These results suggest that biological characteristics of P. carotovorum might be influenced by DEHP in soil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 2002

Phthalate esters are used as additives in plastics to improve mechanical properties, particularly flexibility. The contamination of soil samples by phthalate esters around four tributaries to the nm river was analyzed based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All soil samples collected from the four tributaries, which include Anyangcheon and Seohocheon (expected polluted areas), and Gapyeongcheon and Namhan river (expected clean areas), were found to be contaminated by his(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Soil around Anyangcheon was the most contaminated (113 ppb), about twofold higher than the ones around Seohpcheon (64 ppb), Gapyeongcheon and Namhan river (50 ppb). Based on the fact that DEHP contamination in sediments of the river tributaries around the country is as high as 2.04 ppm, it was concluded that DEHP contamination of the soils around the tributaries to the Han river is relatively low.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2022

Background: Few studies have evaluated the exposure to phthalates via inhalation of floor dust in children's living areas. Objectives: This study evaluated the concentration and exposure level of phthalates emitted from indoor floor dust in children's living areas. Methods: This study utilized the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Environment in 2019. Indoor dust was collected from 150 households with children aged 3~7 and 67 daycare centers or local children's centers by using vacuum cleaners. It was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Six types of phthalates were analyzed: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), Di -isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Results: The medians of DEHP concentrations were 1,028 and 1,937 mg/kg in homes and daycare centers, respectively. The median and maximum values of daily intake were calculated by applying the median and 95th percentile values (the upper 5% of the total concentration) in dust measured in the homes. The DEHP median value was 1.6 ㎍/kg/bw/day, and a maximum A value of 7.8 ㎍/kg/bw/day was calculated. When the childcare center values were applied, the median daily intake of DEHP was 3.1 ㎍/kg/bw/day and the maximum value was 29.2 ㎍/kg/bw/day. As a result of calculating the daily intake by integrating the values of home and childcare facilities, the median and maximum values of daily intake were 1.9 and 10.9 ㎍/kg/bw/day, respectively. Conclusions: This study derives phthalate concentrations among the floor dust in homes and childcare facilities where children mainly spend time, and suggests their intake of phthalates through this. In particular, it was newly suggested that the phthalate concentrations in homes and childcare facilities are different, resulting in differences in intake.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.548-554
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• 2020

Objectives: This study is to examine the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials in elementary school classrooms and libraries in Seoul, and to investigate phthalate contamination in indoor dust. Methods: PVC material was identified for building materials and furniture using portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Phthalates in dust samples (n=19) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction using cyclohexane and analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were found in all collected dust samples (n=19), and diisonyl phthalate (DINP) was detected in all except for one sample (n=18). The concentration of DEHP (median: 2190 mg/kg) and DINP (2960 mg/kg) were higher than other compounds, suggesting that there are many products in the school that used these compounds. When comparing the phthalate concentration in the classroom (n=11) and library dust (n=8), the total concentration in the classroom (median: 10000 mg/kg) was higher than that in the library (8030 mg/kg). DEHP was the dominant compound in the library. The library is relatively more equipped with PVC furniture (n=83) and most floors are also identified as PVC material, suggesting that floors and furniture made of PVC materials are main sources of DEHP contamination. Conclusions: This study is a pilot survey for investigating phthalate contamination in elementary schools. As a result of the survey, phthalate contamination in elementary school was confirmed. However, further study requires risk assessment of children through analysis of phthalate metabolites in children based on sufficient number of samples and information about the site.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

Both ultraviolet (UV) and ultrasound (US) systems are used in degrading of organic contaminants and they can thus be applicable simultaneously as an UV/US hybrid system in attempts further to increase the degradation efficiency. The pseudo-first order degradation rate constants with the UV, US and UV/US hybrid irradiation were 2.60, 10.34, and $14.81{\times}10^{-3}min^{-1}$, respectively. It was observed that the synergistic effect of UV/US hybrid system for degrading the bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The highest rate of DEHP degradation was found during UV/US hybrid irradiation and the synergistic effect factor (SEF) was calculated to be 1.15 based on the pseudo-first order degradation rate constants. Results indicate that synergistic effect of UV/US hybrid system is closely correlated to the enhancement of sonochemical reactivity with the UV-US interaction of increasing the formation rate of OHby providing additional $H_2O_2$ production through the pyrolysis of water molecules during UV/US hybrid irradiation.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.403.3-404
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• 2002

Dimethyl phthalate(DMP). diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP). bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate(DOP) in lotions was determined by gas chromatography. and benzyl benzoate was used as the intermal standard. The separation of the six phthalates and internal standard was optimized, and the optimal analytical conditions were as follows: column. DB-1701 (I.D. 0.25mm): mobile phase. helium: oven temperature 20$0^{\circ}C$ (10 min) ${\rightarrow}10^{\circ}C$/min ${\rightarrow}260^{\circ}C$/min(30min), injector temperature 23$0^{\circ}C$, detector temperature 28$0^{\circ}C$. (omitted)

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2008

Although phthalates aren't used as an cosmetic ingredient, some cosmetics especially nail lacquer, hair spray, and perfume still have phthalates. This is mainly caused by contamination and carryover during manufacturing process, so analysis of phthalates in those cosmetics has became a very important thing for quality-assurance(Q.A). The main phthalates under debate are diethyl phthalate(DEP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in domestic market. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) coupled with solvent extraction and concentration has been used for ppm level and sub ppm level analysis of phthalates. It requires much time and cost to use mass spectrometric detector and to prepare the test solution. Moreover analysis of phthalates at low concentrations is difficult because of contamination which results in wrong analytical results. In the present study, we showed a simple method using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID) which has fast analysis time, minimum use of solvent, reduced sample preparation steps for minimizing contamination and quantitative range of $2{\sim}50{\mu}g/g(ppm)$ in products. Consequently, this method will be proper for Q.A analysis in related companies.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.76-89
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• 2018

Background: Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been considered one of the main causes of a range of endocrine diseases in modern society. An EDC priority list considering exposure, toxicity, and societal concern should be established for EDC management. Methods: The chemical ranking and scoring (CRS) system for EDCs was based on exposure, toxicity,and societal concern. The exposure score system was based on usage, circulation volume, bioaccumulation, and detection in consumer products. The toxicity score system was based on carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The societal concern score system was based on domestic or international regulations and mass media reports. Results: A total of 165 EDCs were considered in the CRS system. The top-five priority EDCs were Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Benzene, Bisphenol A, Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Trichloroethylene. Phthalates, bisphenols and parabens were identified as priority chemical groups. Conclusion: We developed a CRS system for EDCs to identify priority EDCs for management. This will be a foundation to provide an EDC management plan based on scientific decision-making.