The missile technology and its development in south Korea have been restrained to the limit of 180 km by America which instead provided to Korea with security protection. In the same vein, America pressured South Korea to abort its nuclear weapons program so as to prevent another possible military encounter that can easily develop into a war between South and North Korea. This restraint was a bit relaxed when South Korea joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2001 whereby the limit was 300 km. The situation of South Korea is in much contrast with its neighbor, North Korea, which has fired Taepo Dong 1 and Taepo Dong 2 to put its alleged satellite respectively into the Earth orbit. The range of this rocket believed to be reaching more than 5,500 km, a range of the intercontinental ballistic missile, without any rein. South Korea that has just geared its full powers for its outer space industry, with the current space projects of putting its satellites into the low Earth orbit, will in future put its satellite into the geostationary orbit, 36,000 km above the Earth. To do so, such restraint had better be resolved. Korean space industry, as it is alike in other countries, started with putting and manufacturing sounding rockets, producing satellites but relying on foreign launching facilities, and learning launching capacities. Experiencing three time launchings of KITSAT, the current satellite projects of Korea are undertaken as follows: - Koreasat - STSAT - Komsat - MBSAT - COMS (Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite) Koreans waked up to the things of outer space in 2008 with the first Korean astronaut Li So-yeon, a lady bio systems engineer. Although the first Korean made rocket in cooperation with a Russian company to fire last August 2009 was a failure, it should be considered as an inevitable process for future endeavors. There are currently three outer space related laws of Korea: Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act 1987, Outer Space Development Promotions Act 2005, and Space Damage Compensation Act 2008. The first two stemming from the two different ministries are, however, overlapping in many aspects and have some shortcomings to be improved.
For the Exp. 1, a total of sixty pigs(15.95${\pm}$0.09kg average initial body weight) were used in a 28-d growth assay to determine the effects of extruded chinese corn on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) UCORN(U.S. corn-SBM based diet), 2) CCORN(Chinese corn-SBM based diet) and 3) ECCORN(Extruded Chinese corn-SBM based diet). Overall period, average daily gain of pigs fed ECCORN diet was higher than that of pigs fed CCORN diet(547 vs 522 g/d), however, there was not significant difference. On day 10 of the experiment, pigs fed UCORN and ECCORN diet had significantly increased in DM and DE digestibilities compared to pigs fed CCORN diet(P〈0.05). Also, on day 24 of the experiment, pigs fed UCORN and ECCORN diet had a significant increase in DM digestibility compared to pigs fed CCORN diet(P〈0.05). Pigs fed ECCORN diet had significantly increased DE digestibility compared to pigs fed CCORN diet(P〈0.05). For the Exp. 2, three cannulated barrows(54.09kg average initial body weight) were used to determine the apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids and nutrient digestibility of extruded corn in finishing pigs. Dietary treatments were the same as in Exp. 1. Apparent ileal digestibility of cystine was greater for UCORN and ECCORN than for CCORN(P〈0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM at the total tract was greater for UCORN and ECCORN than for CCORN(P〈0.05). Pigs fed UCORN and ECCORN diet had a significant increase in apparent total tract digestibility of N compared to pigs fed CCORN diet(P〈0.05). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the extruded corn for nursery pigs had affected growth performance and DM and DE digestibilities. In finishing pigs, extruded corn was an effective means to improve apparent total tract digestibilities of DM and N.
Kim, Y.I.;Jun, S.H.;Yang, S.Y.;Huh, J.W;Kwak, W.S.
Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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v.49
no.5
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pp.667-676
/
2007
This study was conducted to determine effects of cellulolytic microbes inoculation to sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate(SMS) during deepstacking on fermentation parameters, total microbial counts and cellulolytic enzyme activity and to on SMS nutrients utilization by sheep. For sheep metabolism trials, six sheep(ram, average 54.8kg) were fed a Control diet(70% concentrates, 15% rice straw and 15% SMS with no microbial treatment on a dry basis) and a Treatment diet(the same diet including SMS with a microbial treatment) for 2 trials. Spent mushroom substrates with or without a microbial(4 strains including 1 strain of Enterobacter ludwigii, 1 strain of Bacillus cereus and 2 strains of Bacillus subtillis) treatment (1% of SMS on wet basis) were deepstacked for 7 days. The internal temperatures in 1.2 M/T of SMS deepstacks reached to 50±5℃ within 7 days of storage. Total microbial counts remarkably decreased (P<0.05) with a deepstacking process and were not affected(P>0.05) by the microbial treatment. For fibrolytic enzyme activity, CMCase and xylanase activities were decreased(P<0.05) by a deepstacking process. After deepstacking, the microbial treatment showed about 2.5-times higher(P<0.05) for CMCase activity and about 4-times higher(P<0.05) for xylanase activity than those of the Control. Activities of ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase and MnP were not affected by the microbial treatment. The sheep fed the microbially treated SMS diet had a tendency of greater total tract digestibilities of ash(P=0.051), NFE (P=0.071), hemicellulose(P=0.087) and NDF(P=0.096) than those fed the untreated SMS diet. Nitrogen balance of sheep was not affected(P>0.05) by feeding of microbially treated SMS. Accordingly, these results indicate that cellulolytic microbes inoculation during deepstacking of SMS may improve the bio- utilization of SMS by sheep.
We investigated quality characteristics of Seoktanju (one of the Korean traditional rice wine) which was fermented using five kinds of Korean commercial Nuruks. The purpose of this study was to research what effects on the quality of Seoktanju by using different Nuruks. We analyzed general component such as each mash's temperature change patterns, pH, titrable acidities, reducing sugar contents, volatile acids, and sugar contents during fermentation periods and studied sensory evaluation of produced Seoktanju (10 days). On the whole, temperature change patterns in the each mashes were depend on room temperature. All Seoktanju's pH was reduced rapidly up to three days after first mashing (pH 3.13-3.57) and after that was increased gradually. The end of fermentation pH was pH 3.6-4.05. Mostly, acidities were indicated high(0.59%) and Nuruk-B was showed highest acid value. These results seems to be different as occasion organic acids producing activity depend on the number of yeast, material contents, optimal temperature in the each mashes by fungi and lactic acid bacteria in Nuruks. In reducing sugar contents and sugar contents, Nuruk-C treatment were showed the highest value with 5.36%, $23^{\circ}brix$, respectively and alcohol content was lowest with 8.6%. In the five kinds of reproduced Seoktanju, alcohol content was the highest in the treated Nuruk-A group. Volatile acid value was the highest with 132.6~263.7 ppm at the 3 day after first mashing day but as the fermentation time goes on, it was reduced sharply by 5.25~5.94 ppm. Sensory evaluation was performed with 5 point scale, the Seoktanju using Nuruk-D was presented by 4 point, while Nuruk-A was presented lowest by 2.77 point on overall acceptability.
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA) is commonly used to diagnose Osteoporosis. The errors of DEXA bone density operation are caused by operator, bone mineral density meter, blood testing, patient. We focus on operator error then study about how much influence operator's region of intest(ROI) in bone testing result. During from March to July in 2011. 50 patients ware selected respectively from 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 age groups who came to Korea University Medical Center(KUMC) for their Osteoporosis treatment. A-test was performed with usually ROI and B-test was performed with most widely ROI. Then, We compare A-test and B-test for find maximum difference of T-score error which occurred operator ROI controlling. Standard deviation of T-score of B-test showed 0.1 higher then A-test in femur neck. Standard deviation of B-test showed 0.2 higher then A-test in Ward's area which in Greater trocanter and Inter trocanter. Standard deviation of B-test showed 0,1 lower then A-test in L-1. Bone density testing about Two hundred patients results are as follow. When operator ROI was changed wider than normal ROI, bone density of femur was measured more higher but bone density of L-spine was measured more lower then normal bone density. That means, sometime DEXA bone density testing result is dependent by operator ROI controlling. This is relevant with the patient's medicine and health insurance, thus, tester always keep the size of ROI for to prevent any problem in the patient.
This research is performed in order to suggest seasonal effective research time that is applied to wild birds research which lives in a forest. The subject area of this research is Mulgun-ri village forest in Samdong-Myeon, Namhe-gun. To investigate suitability of the project, existing land-use, existing vegetation, vegetational structure, and etc. of the subject and whole area are figured out. To suggest adequate research time, based on seasonal sun rise and set time for 3days, repetitive research is performed at hourly intervals. The subject area is connected with a forest and is possible for forest wild birds to flows in and provides various habitats and feeding areas. And also the subject area is a appropriate area for wild birds research and is like a natural forest in that a layer structure development of the forest itself, a distribution of Zelkova serrata and Aphananthe aspera and so on. 105 species which is observed in subject area are categorized and mountain birds are classified. After time-based peak value is selected in each season, hourly species richness, diversity, and index of similarity are analyzed as compared with the appearing number of species and individual bird. As a result, 7~11 hour is the most effective time in spring, and 8~9 hour is the best time. In summer, 6~9 hour is the most appropriate time when whole appearing species are similar to species structure. In fall, 7~11(30~60 minutes after sun rise) when wild birds movements are vigorous is analyzed easy to observe and 8~9 hour is the most appropriate research time because each analysis shows the best values. In winter, 7~12 hour is the most effective time although 10~11 hour is the best time but it is decided that similar results are drawn because hourly deviation is not so big except 1 hour before sun rise. In every four season, it is decided that 30~60 minutes after sun rise is appropriate to research a group of wild birds in the subject area.
Filter absorbs low-energy X-ray to increase the average energy and reduces patient exposure dose. This study investigates if the materials of Mo and W could be used for the digital imaging device CR by conducting image assessment and dose measurement of SNR, FOM and histogram. In addition, measurement of beam quality was conducted depending on the material of the filter, and at the same time, a proper combination of filters was examined depending on the change in tube voltage (kVp). In regard to entrance skin dose, Mo filter showed the dose reduction by 42~56%, compared to Cu filter. Moreover, Mo filter showed higher transmission dose by around 1.5 times than that of Cu filter. In image assessment, it was found that W was unsuitable to be used as a filter, whereas Mo could be used as a filter to reduce dose without decline in image quality at the tube voltage of 80 kVp or higher. As tube voltage increased, 2.0 mm Al+0.1 mm Mo almost had a similar histogram width to that of 2.0 mm Al+0.2 mm Cu. Therefore, Mo filter can be used at relatively high tube voltage of 80 kVp, 100 kVp and 120 kVp. The SNR of 2.0 mm Al+0.1 mm Mo did not show any significant difference from those of 2.0 mm Al+0.2 mm Cu and 2.0 mm Al+0.1 mm Cu. As a result, if Mo filter is used to replace Cu filter in general radiography, where 80 kVp or higher is used for digital radiation image, patient exposure dose can be reduced significantly without decline in image quality, compared to Cu filter. Therefore, it is believed that Mo filter can be applied to chest X-ray and high tube voltage X-ray in actual clinical practice.
Kim, Hye Jin;Lee, Jong Nam;Kim, Ki Deog;Lim, Hak Tae;Yeoung, Young Rok
Horticultural Science & Technology
/
v.33
no.6
/
pp.877-882
/
2015
This study was carried out treatment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to increase of survival rate of acclimated plants of strawberry's in vitro plantlets through bioreactor culture. We used PEG with molecular weight 6000 (PEG 6000) in this study. Concentration of PEG is non-treatment, 5, 10, 15, and $20g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each bioreactor. $5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of PEG was treated at $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, $4^{th}$, and $5^{th}$ week during culture. We investigated growth characteristics of in vitro plantlets after 6 weeks cultivation. Growth amount of all PEG treatment decreased as compared to non-treatment. The more concentration increased, the more plant growth decreased. In $5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of PEG, shoot length was shorter than non-treatment that shoot length was 7.9 cm and especially fresh weight that is 1.6 g was more decrease than non-treatment. Shoot length was ranged 3.0-3.9 cm at $1^{st}$ week treatment to $4^{th}$ week treatment of $5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ PEG. The shoot length was not significant by 5.3 cm at $5^{th}$ week treatment. The survival rate was improved 5.4% at the treatment of $4^{th}$ week and was improved 8.7% at the $5^{th}$ week as compared to non-treatment. In order to improve of survival rate of strawberry' in vitro plantlets through bioreactor culture, the method is suitable that adding $5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of PEG in the medium and $5^{th}$ week's treatment is suitable.
After Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, study and maintenance of monitoring systems have been made at home and abroad. As concerns about radioactive contamination of water have increased in Korea, update of maintenance of managing radioactive materials in water is being made mainly by Ministry of Environment. In this study, we analysed current state of monitoring system modification in Japan, the country directly involved and neighboring country. According to the result, Japan modified the legislations first. Then Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) provides theoretical background of radiological monitoring. And Ministry of the Environment actually watches state of water pollution in public waters and underground water. Finally related agencies like local government are monitoring current state of radioactive contamination in water environment. By region, local monitoring stations share the investigation of the whole country. Also, additional monitoring is running around nuclear facilities. After Fukushima disaster, monitoring for area near Fukushima is added. Among the reference levels, management target value of drinking water and tap water is 10 Bq/kg, and those of public water and underground water are 1 Bq/L. Measuring intervals varied from every hour to once a year, regularly or irregularly depending on the investigation. The main measuring items are air dose rate, gross ${\alpha}$, gross ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$ radionuclide, Cs-134, Cs-137, Sr-89, Sr-90, I-131, and so on. In comparison, regulations about general public water in Korea need to be modified, while those about area near nuclear facility and drinking water are organized well. In future, therefore, domestic system would be expected to be modified with making reference to the guidelines like WHO's one. As good case of applying international guideline to domestic environment, Japanese system could be a reference when general standard of radioactivity in public water is made in Korea.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.38
no.7
/
pp.892-901
/
2009
This study confirmed depletion efficiency of nitrite when incubate lactic acid bacteria was isolated from commercial Chinese cabbage pickles (Baechu kimchi), pickled ponytail radishes (Chongkak kimchi), radish cube kimchi (Kaktugi) and pickled Wakegi (Pa kimchi) at temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. At $15^{\circ}C$, lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial kimchi depleted nitrite actively except Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and Leuconostoc paramesenteroides. In particular, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextrinicum and Leuconostoc lactis depleted nitrite by very actively without period adaptation in nitrite. Lactobacillus sake, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens depleted nitrite very actively after 1 day. L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides depleted nitrite relatively actively after 2 days pass. In contrast, L. paramesenteroides displayed very low nitrite depletion ratio compared to other species. At $25^{\circ}C$, all lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial kimchi did not need adapting period in nitrite, and depleted nitrite very actively except L. paramesenteroides. Also, all lactic acid bacteria except L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and L. paramesenteroides nitrite of more than 90% after 1 day, and L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides depleted nitrite of more than 90% after 2 days. However, because L. paramesenteroides was not active even at $25^{\circ}C$, nitrite depletion efficiency was very low compared to other species. On the other hand, the same species of Lactobacilli and Leuconostocs except L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and L. paramesenteroides of other kimchi origin at $15^{\circ}C$ as well as $25^{\circ}C$ by vitality depleted nitrite very actively without statistically significant difference (p<0.05).
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