• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.172-179
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current original habitat and to conserve the narrow-mouthed toad populations. For this study, we used 240 pitfall traps (30 cm height ${\times}$ 20 cm width) to catch the narrow-mouthed toads that inhabit in Myeongji-dong, Gangseo-gu, in Busan metropolitan city from August 2, 2013 to November 7, 2013. We measured the environmental characteristics (soil composition factors, soil moisture, Humidity, soil temperature) for the seven habitat patterns of narrow-mouthed toads based on vegetation types. Main habitats of narrow mouthed toads were flat grassland where grass and false acacia grew and there was wetland all over the place. When analyzing habitats that main habitats of narrow-mouthed toads prefer after selecting representative seven vegetation, it was found that the most narrow-mouthed toads were caught in amur silver grass colony while the least narrow-mouthed toads were caught in bare land. Totally, we caught 846 narrow-mouthed toads over 68 times, and released them into the newly constructed habitat after injection VIE-tag. It seems that the reason for which the least narrow mouthed toads were caught in bare land is that bare land is not suitable for narrow mouthed toads to protect themselves from strong sunlight and to hide themselves from natural enemy. We found that temperature had the greatest influence on activities of narrow mouthed toads and at temperature of less than $15.6^{\circ}C$. We also found that the activities of narrow mouthed toads were remarkably low and then temperature was below $15.6^{\circ}C$. It meant that narrow mouthed toads seemed to go into hibernation. From this research, we could find the prefer habitat after analyzing habitats for the narrow-mouthed toads and could suggest for construction for the better habitat of narrow-mouthed toads.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2017

Two single crystals of fully dehydrated $Cd^{2+}$-exchanged zeolites Y were prepared by the exchange of ${\mid}Na_{75}{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU$ ($Na_{75}-Y$, Si/Al = 1.56) with aqueous $0.05M\;Cd(NO_3)_2$ (pH = 3.65) at 294 K, followed by vacuum dehydration at 723 K (crystal 1) and a second crystal, similarly prepared, was exposed to zeolitically dried benzene for 72 hours at 294 K and evacuated (crystal 2). Their structures were determined crystallographically using synchrotron X-rays and were refined to the final error indices using $F_o$>$4{\sigma}(F_o)$ of $R_1/wR_2=0.040/0.121$ and 0.052/0.168, respectively. In crystal $1({\mid}Cd_{36}H_3{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU)$, $Cd^{2+}$ ions primarily occupy sites I and II, with additional $Cd^{2+}$ ions at sites I', II', and a second site II. In crystal $2({\mid}Cd_{35}(C_6H_6)_{24}H_5{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU)$, $Cd^{2+}$ ions occupy five crystallographic sites. The 24 benzene molecules are found at two distinct positions within the supercages. The 17 benzene molecules are found on the 3-fold axes in the supercages where each interacts facially with one of site IIa $Cd^{2+}$ ions. The remaining 7 benzene molecules lie on the planes of the 12-rings where each is stabilized by multiple weak electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with framework oxygens.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1999

The hydrolysate of desalinated tuna boiled extract (TBE) were prepared by continuous hydrolysis of TBE using a membrane reactor. TBE and tuna boiled extract hydrolysate (TBEH) were isolated depending on molecular weights. The major molecular weight distributions of TBEH-l0K, TBEH-5K and TBEH-lK were 9,800Da, 3,000Da and 990Da, respectively. The amounts of nucleotides and their related compounds of TBE were 3.47 $\mu$mole/g AMP, 23.75 $\mu$mole/g IMP, 9.07 $\mu$mole/g inosine and 1.89 $\mu$mole/g hypoxanthine. Total content of amino acids having desirable taste (glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline, aspartic acid, serine) was about $63\%$ of total amino acid from TBE and about $62\%$ from TBEH. The natural seasoninings were prepared with TBE and TBEH. From the results of sensory evaluations, complex seasoning containing TBEH-1K was almost equal to the shellfish complex seasoning obtained from the market. The mixed sauce which was made by mixing of $50\%$ TBEH sauce and $50\%$ fermented soy sauce was similar to the tradition soybean sauce in product quality and it showed the possibility to be used for the substitute product for acid hydrolyzed soysauce.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-108
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• 2017

The nationwide weed survey was conducted in arable land, paddy field, upland, orchard and pasture, over whole country of Korea during 3 years from 2013 to 2015. Also, these survey were conducted in order to determine a change of weed community and to identify a major dominant weed species, and problem weeds. Weeds of arable land were composed of 619 species belonging to 81 families. Weeds occurred in paddy field were 90 species belonging to 28 families, upland weeds were 375 species of 50 families, orchard weeds were 492 species of 63 families and pasture weeds 275 species of 52 families. Among total 81 families, the Asteraceae (15.5%) was the biggest family, followed by Poaceae (13.1%), Fabaceae (5.5%), Cyperaceae (5.2%), Polygonaceae (6.3%), respectively. And these weed species were composed of annual weeds of 209 species (33.8%), winter annual of 102 species (16.4%) and perennial weeds of 308 species (49.8%). Exotic weeds naturalized in Korea were investigated as 166 species. Weed flora in Korean cultivation area have been increased as much as 13 families and 186 species for 10 years compared to 2000~2004 weed survey result of 68 families and 433 species. The increment could be resulted from the change of weed population such as increase of the herbicide-resistant and the difference of investigation method.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.872-878
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• 2014

This study aimed to enhance storage and freshness of strawberry fruits and foliage vegetables by spray treatment with Chlorella vulgaris as a bio-fertilizer. The tested strain, C. vulgaris CHK0008, was isolated from an organically cultivated rice paddy and identified as C. vulgaris by its morphology and 18S rDNA and 23S rDNA sequence homology. We successfully cultured C. vulgaris CHK0008 in BG11 modified medium (BG11MM) and adjusted $2.15{\times}10^6cell/mL$ C. vulgaris CHK0008 to one OD value by measuring the optical density at 680 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The soluble solid content of 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits treated by spray application with C. vulgaris CHK0008 was enhanced by 22.2% and 11.5% respectively, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the decay rates of treated 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits decreased 63.8% and 74.4% respectively, compared to untreated control. Surface color changes and chlorosis of leaves in leaf vegetables such as lettuce, kale, red ornamental kale, white ornamental kale and beet were observed in samples treated with water spray for 10 days after cold storage. However, the decay rate of leafy vegetables treated with foliar application of 25% C. vulgaris CHK0008 liquid culture was significantly decreased compared to that of the untreated control during storage at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.858-864
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• 2011

The phenolic compounds of walnut extracts by various solvents were shown to be 24.3 mg/g in hot water, 34.4 mg/g in ethanol, 32.5 mg/g in methanol and 15.1 mg/g in acetone. In a comparison of phenolic compounds from hot water and different concentrations of ethanol, which are harmless, 60% ethanol extract and hot water extract were 34.7 mg/g, 24.6 mg/g. The electron donating ability (EDA) of walnut extracts in hot water and 60% ethanol were 78.1% and 80.6%. According to ABTS radical cation decolorization for antioxidant activity, hot water and 60% ethanol extract showed high antioxidant activities of 98.1% and 98.3%. Antioxidant protection factor (PF) were $1.1{\pm}0.2$ PF and $1.1{\pm}0.4$ PF in hot water and 60% ethanol extract. In TBARs inhibitory activity, each extract showed high antioxidant activities at 60% and 75%. Anti-inflammation effects of walnut extract were tested, and inhibition of NO was 50% in 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ phenolics. Inhibitory activity against iNOS and COX-2 were shown, through Western blot, to be 10% in 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ phenolics. Tyrosine inhibitory activity of 60% ethanol extract was 43%, and astringent effect of 60% ethanol extract was 55%. These results suggest that walnut extracts are suitable for functional cosmetics requiring skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle activity.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of climate on indoor environment of a swine house with natural. This study was tested in the beef swine stall at Young-in, Kyung-ki do. The test was experimented for the effect of interior environment by the outdoor environment and the interior-pan. The results are as follows. 1. In test 1 ($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, without fan), an indoor air flow pattern was showed that entered from sidewall winch-curtain to went out of a indoor by the ridge winch-curtain. And the velocity of a section of the center was measured two times as large as the velocity of the floor. It is the acceleration of the velocity by thermal buoyancy. And, the entered air was rapidly dissipated by flow energy. So that in the swain livestock with sidewall winch-curtain is effected by thermal buoyancy. And the air temperature of the indoor was distributed more higher as compared with the outdoor temperature. This result is caused by the sensible heat from swine and the ventilation is restricted. 2. In test 2 (($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, with fan), the velocity of a section of the center was measured more higher as compared with the test 1. And the variance of air velocity was distributed higher as compared with the test 1. This result is showed dead region of air flow with a fan operation. And, the variance of gas density was distributed lower as compared with the test 1.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

These experiments were conducted to improve the effect of seed disinfection on rice seed severely infected Bakanae disease by seed soaking into mixed solution of prochloraz EC and fludioxonil FS. We investigated the effects of various concentrations of two fungicides mixed solution on spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium fujikuroi. Mycelial growth was inhibited 100% at $10{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz and 33.3% at $80{\mu}g$/ml of fludioxonil. Spore germination was inhibited 81.4% at $40{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz. Interestingly, mixed solution of $5{\mu}g$/ml or $10{\mu}g$/ml of each fungicide inhibitied 100% of mycelial growoth and 99.2% of spore germination, respectively. Severely infected rice seeds soaked into mixed solution composed of $125{\mu}l$/ml of prochloraz and $50{\mu}l$/ml of fludioxonil showed 2.1% of disease symptoms compared to 20.4% of prochloraz $125{\mu}l$/ml, but higher concentrations of prochloraz decreased the seedling stand rate. When the seed soaking time was longer and temperature was higher, control effect on Bakanae disease was improved, but seedling stand was lower about 80% over $35^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2012

Increasing concerns over green farming technology, plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGRP) having growth promoting as well as plant disease suppressing properties was recently preferred to use for biological control of plant pathogens infecting plant. We measured the influence of the selected microbial consortium agents-a mixture of PGPR strains-, commercial bio-fungicide, and chemical pesticides on soil microbial community in red pepper field. The activities of soil enzyme such as dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and cellulase were analyzed to investigate that of soil microbial community. We also measured plant length, main stem, stem diameter, number of branches and yields of red-pepper in order to observe the red pepper growth promotion. The results of measuring enzyme activities were dehydrogenase 3.5584 ${\mu}g$ TPF $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, urease 15.8689 ${\mu}g$ $NH_4{^-}N$ $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, phosphatase 0.5692 ${\mu}g$ PNP $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, ${\beta}$-glucosidase 2.4785 ${\mu}g$ PNP $g^{-1}h^{-1}$, and cellulase 86.1597 ${\mu}g$ glucose $g^{-1}h^{-1}$ in the soil treated with the microbial consortium agents, so it came out to be very active in the soil. Observing the growth of red-peppers, the main-stem length and the stem diameter were 6.1% and 8.1% higher in the soil treated with the selected microbial consortium agent than the chemical pesticides. After harvesting, yields were 7.3% higher in the soil treated with selected microbial consortium agents than the chemical pesticides. These results showed that microbial consortium agents contribute to increasing soil microbial diversity, growth promoting, and yield of red pepper.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2010

This study was carried out to screen the occurrence of insect pest on the organic seed producing field of minor grain germplasms, Pearl millet (Setaria italic L.), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), and Common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Gangwon-do from 2008 to 2009. The artificial pheromone traps successfully attracted an Oriental corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) on Pearl millet, but the Army worm, Pseudaletia separata, was not attracted in all of the minor grain fields. The ratio of damaged plants of Oriental corn borer and Army worm were appeared in order with Pearl millet, Common millet, and Sorghum. The morphological diversities of plant bug were shown as four kinds of species, Eastern green stinkbug (Nezara antennata), Brown-marmorated stinkbug (Halyomorpha halys), Sloe bug (Dolycoris baccarum), and Bean bug (Riptortus clavatus), on the organic seed producing field of minor grain. The average occurrence density of Eastern green stinkbug was the highest level in the three kind of minor grains, Pearl millet, Common millet, and Sorghum in 2008 and 2009. The dominant species are the Eastern green stinkbug and the Bean bug in Pearl millet and Common millet. The Sloe bug and the Bean bug possessed the highest population density in Sorghum.