• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

This study aims to examine whether the fundamental frequency (F0) varies depending on languages or distinguishes between L1 (first language) and L2 (second language) speech and whether the type of materials which vary in control of consonant voicing affects the use of F0-especially, mean F0. For this purpose, we compared productions of two languages produced by Korean L2 learners of English to those of Korean-English bilingual speakers. Twelve Korean L2 speakers of English and twelve Korean-English bilingual speakers participated in this study. The subjects read aloud 22 declarative sentences-balanced and unbalanced-once in English and once in Korean. Mean F0 of Korean was higher than that of English for both speaker groups, and the difference in the value of mean F0 between the Korean and English sentences was different depending on the type of materials that the participants read. With regard to F0 range, the L2 speakers had a larger F0 range in English than in Korean; however, the effect of language on F0 range was not statistically significant for the bilingual speakers. These results indicate that language-specific properties may affect the use of F0, in particular, mean F0.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-52
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• 2001

A bilingual sound dictionary in Korean and English has been created for a broad range of sound reference to cross-linguistic, dialectal, native language (L1)-transferred biological and allophonic variations. The paper demonstrates that the pronunciation dictionary of the lexicon is inadequate for sound reference due to the preponderance of unmarked sounds. The audio registry consists of the three-way comparison of 1) English speech from native English speakers, 2) Korean speech from Korean speakers, and 3) English speech from Korean speakers. Several sub-dictionaries have been created as the foundation research for independent development. They are 1) a pronunciation dictionary of the Korean lexicon in a keyboard-compatible phonetic transcription, 2) a sound dictionary of L1-interfered language, and 3) an audible dictionary of Korean sounds. The dictionary was designed to facilitate the exchange of the speech signal and its corresponding text data on various media particularly on CD-ROM. The methodology and findings of the construction are discussed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Korean (L1)-English (L2) bilingual adults' and children's production of Korean and English stops was examined to determine the age effects and L2 experience on the development of L1 and L2 stop contrasts. Four groups of Seoul Korean speakers (experienced and inexperienced adult and child groups) and two groups of age-matched native English speakers participated. The overall results of voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (F0) of phrase-initial stops in Korean and word-intial stops in English showed a delay in the acquisition of L1 due to the dominant exposure to L2. Significantly longer VOT and lower F0 for aspirated stops as well as high temporal variability across repetitions of lenis stops were interpreted to indicate a strong effect of English on Korean stop contrasts for bilingual children. That is, the heavy use of VOT for Korean stop contrasts shows bilingual children's attention to the acoustic cue that are primarily employed in the dominant L2. Furthermore, inexperienced children, but not adults, were shown to create new L2 categories that are distinctive from the L1 within 6 months of L2 experience, suggesting greater independence between the two phonological systems. The implications of bilinguals' age at the time of testing to the degree and direction of L1-L2 interaction are further discussed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2015

Speech production studies have suggested that bilinguals who are L2-dominant are the most likely to suppress the influence of the first language (L1) on the second language (L2). The voice onset times (VOTs) and fundamental frequencies (f0s) of monolingual and bilingual speakers of English and Korean were examined to address the question whether cross language influences occur particularly in L2 predominant bilinguals and to compare their outcomes with those of L2 proficient bilinguals and monolinguals. A total of 28 speakers participated in this experiment and they produced English and Korean stops in the carrier sentence. In English, for voiceless aspirated and unaspirated stops, L2 predominant bilingual speakers produced VOTs that were significantly shorter than those of monolingual English speakers. The outcome was analogous in Korean speech. For aspirated and lax stops, they produced shorter Korean VOTs than monolingual speakers. The results of f0s were slightly different from those of VOTs. In English, L2 predominant bilinguals produced f0s that were not significantly different from those of monolingual English speakers. In Korean, however, they produced f0s that were significantly different from those of monolingual Korean speakers. Taken VOT and f0 into consideration together, the overall results suggest that, although they tend to show a corresponding pattern of monolinguals, L2 predominant bilinguals had cross language phonetic influences between L1 and L2, similar to L2 proficient bilinguals. Between the two acoustic cues, f0 seemed to be a more reliable cue than VOT to examine the influences.

• 한국어교육
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.245-271
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• 2017

This study aimed at investigating the lexical diversity in the "Frog Story" narratives of Korean-Chinese bilingual children. Six bilingual speakers of Korean children- four boys and two girls- were audio recorded as they produced narratives based on pictures from the Mercer Mayer book "Frog, where are you?" The order of narration was counterbalanced. The vocabularies from narratives were analyzed by type, token, TTR (type-token Ratio) and D value using the CLAN (Computerized Language Analysis) program. The findings showed that the pattern of lexical diversity in Korean is similar with the Chinese, but the TTR and D value of Chinese still remain low in comparison with those of Korean. In addition, Korean language seems to have significant influence on Chinese in the language usage pattern and vice versa.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

This study aims to investigate how prosodic prominence is perceived in relation to word class information (or parts-of-speech) by Korean learners of English compared with native English speakers in public speech. Two groups, Korean learners of English and native English speakers, were asked to judge words perceived as prominent simultaneously while listening to a speech. Parts-of-speech and three acoustic cues (i.e., max F0, mean phone duration, and mean intensity) were analyzed for each word in the speech. The results showed that content words tended to be higher in pitch and longer in duration than function words. Both groups of listeners rated prominence on content words more frequently than on function words. This tendency, however, was significantly greater for Korean learners of English than for native English speakers. Among the parts-of-speech of the content words, Korean learners of English were more likely than native English speakers to judge nouns and verbs as prominent. This study presents evidence that Korean learners of English consider most, if not all, content words as landing locations of prosodic prominence, in alignment with the previous study on the production of prominence.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2015

The purpose of this study were to translate the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale into Korean and to verify the content validity by utilizing a back-translation method with a view to assessing balance function and the risk of falling in a clinical research setting. This research was conducted in six steps. First, three Korean physical therapists translated the FAB scale into Korean. Second, two bilingual professors of physical therapy and a physical therapist evaluated translation conformity of Korean-translated FAB scale. In the third and fourth steps, twelve physical therapists evaluated the degree of translation comprehension, and a translator back-translated the Korean FAB scale into the original language. Fifth, a bilingual professor of physical therapy and two native speakers evaluated the technical and conceptual equivalence between the original and translation versions. In this process, inappropriate translated items were revised using recommended substitute words or sentences, and all items were evaluated on the basis of three points or more on a rating scale in terms of translation comprehension, and the technical and conceptual equivalence of the back-translation. In the sixth and last step, the translation verification committee completed the final Korean version. The above process indicated that the content validity of the Korean-translated FAB scale was established by means of systematic translation methods, and it can therefore be used to assess balance function and the risk of falls in a clinical research setting.

• 인지과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2003

이 논문은 한국어-중국어(=KC) 이중언어자의 문장 처리 전략을 실험적으로 연구하여 한국어 단일언어자의 문장 처리 전략과 비교함으로써 (1) KC 이중 언어에 나타나는 문장 처리 전략의 전반적 특징을 밝히고, (2) 제 1 언어 처리 전략과 제 2 언어 처리 전략 간의 간섭이 이중 언어 발달에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 보이는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 우리는 중국 연변 조선족 집거촌의 만 3세부터 성인에 이르는 다양한 연령 집단에서 166 명의 피험자를 모집하여 실시간 주어/행동주 판정 실험을 실시하였다 (cf. Liu, Bates & Li, 1992). 실험 결과를 한국어 단일언어자 대상의 이전 연구와 비교하여 다음 결론에 도달하였다. 첫째, 한국어 단일언어 아동은 3-4세 경 생물성 (animacy)에 근거해 문장의 주어/행동주를 판별하는 반면, KC 이중언어 아동은 생물성 전략 이외에도 어순 전략을 많이 활용한다. 둘째. KC 이중언어자가 주어/행동주 판별에 형태소를 활용하는 시기는 10세 이후로 한국어 단일언어 아동의 5세 경과 비교하여 많이 늦다. 셋째, 한국어 단일언어자 성인은 형태소 전략을 최우선적으로 활용하는 반면, KC 이중언어자는 성인이 되어서도 형태소 전략 이외에 생물성 전략과 어순 전략을 적극적으로 활용한다. KC 이중언어자의 언어 수행은 생물성과 어순이 중요한 중국어의 영향을 받은 것으로 보이며, 이는 Liu, Bates & Li (1992)가 제안하는 조기이중언어자의 전략 후행 전이를 지지하는 결과라 할 수 있다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.37-54
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• 2009

This study investigated vocabulary learning strategies used by EFL middle school learners in Korea and examined the relationship between the middle school learners' vocabulary learning strategy (VLS) use and their vocabulary proficiency level. One hundred and forty-one students in a public middle school participated in the study and the data for this study were collected from a vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire and a vocabulary proficiency test. Based on the result of the vocabulary proficiency test, the participants were divided into three proficiency groups: high-, mid- and low- level proficiency groups. The overall findings of the study revealed that the participants used cognitive strategies most frequently and social strategies least frequently. The most frequently used individual strategies were 'using a bilingual dictionary,' 'studying the sound of a word' and 'practicing words through verbal repetition.' The least frequently used ones were 'interacting with native speakers' and 'studying or practicing the meaning of a word in a group.' The research results also showed that the vocabulary proficiency level has a significant influence on the vocabulary strategy use. The more proficient learners used vocabulary learning strategies more actively. More specifically, the high proficiency level group used metacognitive strategies the most. The middle and low proficiency groups used cognitive strategies the most. It is suggested that language teachers should facilitate the vocabulary learning process by helping learners develop appropriate strategies.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 영어-한국어 이중언어 화자의 평균 기본주파수를 분석하여 언어 및 과제에 따른 차이가 있는지 살펴보고, 거주년수 및 언어 능숙도에 따라 언어 간 평균 기본주파수 상이한지 실펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 영어권 나라에 7년 이상 거주한 한국어-영어 균형적 이중언어 집단 총 28명(남녀 각각 14명, 균형적 이중언어집단), 언어 노출기간 및 언어 능숙도에 차이를 두기 위해 추가로 모집한 영어권 나라 거주년수 3년 이하인 한국어 우세 이중언어 집단 총 20명(남녀 각각 10명, 한국어 우세 이중언어 집단)이다. 이들은 한국어와 영어로 읽기 및 자발화 과제를 수행하였고 Praat을 통해 녹음한 음성파일의 평균 기본주파수를 분석하였다. 이후 각 성별 내 언어 ${\times}$ 과제 이원 배치 분산 분석(two-way repeated ANOVA) 및 집단 ${\times}$ 언어의 이원 혼합 분산 분석(two-way mixed ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 언어 및 과제에 따라 균형적 이중언어 집단의 남녀 대상군 별로 상이한 결과가 나타났다. 여성의 경우 한국어보다 영어의 평균 기본주파수가 유의하게 높았으며(p=.003), 자발화과제보다 읽기 과제에서 평균 기본주파수가 유의하게 높았다(p=.002). 그러나 남성의 경우, 어떠한 조건에서도 유의한 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 두 번째로, 언어 능숙도에 따른 집단 간 비교에서 여성 대상자들에서만 언어 간 기본주파수 변화가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다(p=.000). 즉, 한국어 읽기 과제에서 평균 기본주파수가 영어 읽기 과제보다 유의하게 높았다. 그러나 언어 능숙도에 따른 평균 기본주파수의 변화는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p=.830). 남성 대상자의 경우는 어떤 조건에서도 유의한 결과는 없었다. 결과적으로, 이중언어 화자의 언어 간 평균 기본주파수의 변화는 언어의 능숙도와 관계없이 성별에 따라 상이하게 나타났으며 본 연구를 바탕으로 언어 간 평균 주파수의 차이가 해부생리학적 요인이나 언어학적 요인보다도 사화문화적인 요인에 의한 것임을 생각해 볼 수 있도록 한다.