• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1997

A dietary intake survey in 2 major city area was conducted as a part of the study which determined the level of exposure of people to harmful substances in foodstuff. A total of 800 randomly selected men and women aged 20-49 yr and living in the cities of Seoul and Taegu were invited to participate in the survey. All subjects were interviewed by trained dietitians to answer for demorgraphic characteristics and dietary intake for 1 day by 24hr recall method, and asked to record what day ate for following 2 more days by themselves. Results were analyzed and presented for the amount and frequency of food intake by area, sex body weight. Food consumed most by adults resifing in these 2 city area was rice and followed by kimchi in the amount of 225.7g/persn/day and 85.0g/person/day, respectively. In the list of foods consumed most frequently, items used for condiments were included in addition to rice and kimchi. And the total daily intake of food per person was summed up to be 1, 534g for men and 1, 304g for women. Considerable part of this sexual difference in total intake was originated from the difference in beverage consumption including alcoholic beverages and the higher intake of certain foodstuff due to higher body weight of men. Intake data were presented din terms of per capita and per kg body weight, and compared among adults in different categories of body weight, also. The data gathered here, food intake by individuals, reflect our own dietary culture in terms of food assortment and relative contribution of each food item to total food intake include the consumption of "extreme" eaters might be found useful also especially for the sake of food safety such as risk assessment using ADI and PTWI for contaminants in the food supply.od supply.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1453-1461
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• 2016

Regarding 'mate' intake (infusion of Ilex paraguariensis herb, a staple beverage in temperate South American regions), most epidemiologic studies showed positive associations with risk of some cancers, (e.g. upper aerodigestive tract), but evidence on breast cancer (BC) risk is limited to a previous multi-site study, which reported a non significant odds ratio [OR]=0.85, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.67-1.09, p for trend=0.31) for the highest quartile of intake. The present study was conducted in order to further assess associations of 'mate' intake with BC risk. We combined two databases of women belonging to public and private healthcare hospitals. The sample included 572 BC incident cases and 889 controls interviewed with a specific questionnaire featured by socio-demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, and a food frequency questionnaire of 64 items, also analyzing 'mate' intake (consumer status, daily intake, age at start, age at quit, duration of habit, intensity of intake). ORs and their 95%CI were calculated through unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant potential confounders. The highest quartile of 'mate' intake was inversely associated with BC risk (OR=0.40, 95%CI 0.26-0.57, p for trend <0.001). Stratified analyses also displayed strong significant inverse associations for 'mate' in frequent tea drinkers (OR=0.22), high energy intake (OR=0.23), high body mass index (OR=0.29) and in postmenopausal women (OR=0.36), among other results. As conclusions, we found evidence of a significant inverse association for 'mate' intake and BC risk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2923-2933
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• 2016

Recently, we reported an inverse association between high 'mate' intake (infusion of Ilex paraguariensis herb, a staple beverage in temperate South America) and breast cancer (BC) risk. Stronger inverse associations were found in high strata of tea, vegetable, fruit and energy intakes, and in overweight/obese women, suggesting possible roles for 'mate' mainly from its antioxidant contribution. The present study attempted to thoroughly explore possible associations among 'mate' and tea intake, dietary antioxidants and BC risk. Combining two databases of previous studies, 572 BC incident cases and 889 controls were interviewed with a specific questionnaire featuring socio-demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, and a food frequency questionnaire (64 items), focusing on 'mate' intake (consumer status, daily intake, age at start, age at quit, duration of habit). Food-derived nutrients were calculated from available databases. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated through unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant potential confounders. The highest 'mate' intake was significantly inversely associated with BC risk for both low and high carotenoids (OR=0.40 vs. 0.41), vitamin C (OR=0.33 vs. 0.50), vitamin E (OR=0.37 vs. 0.45), flavonols (OR=0.38 vs. 0.48) and reduced glutathione (OR=0.48 vs. 0.46) strata. High tea intake showed significant inverse risk associations only with high carotenoids (OR=0.41), vitamin E (OR=0.48) and reduced glutathione (OR=0.43) strata. In conclusion, a strong and inverse association for 'mate' intake and BC was found, independent of dietary antioxidant levels. Also strong inverse associations with tea intake were more evident only at high levels of certain dietary antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intake and food consumption by food frequency according to the obesity index of women college student in Kunsan. The subjects were 251 women college students who were randomly selected from Kunsan national university. Subjects were assigned to one of the following group based on BMI : underweight, normal weight and overweight. Nutrient intake and food consumption by food frequency were evaluated based on questionnaires and 24 hour recall method. The results were as follows. %RDA of calcium, iron and zinc of obese group were more than the underweight group(p＜0.05). %Fat was significantly correlated with the daily intakes of protein and vitamin E(p＜0.05). %Fat was significantly correlated with %RDA of energy, protein, vitamin E, vitamin B$_{6}$. RBW was significantly correlated with %RDA of iron. BMI was significantly correlated with %RDA of energy, calcium, phosphorus. The foods frequently consumed among students were cooked rice and gimchi. The frequencies of fish and mushroom were correlated with food behavior scores(p＜0.01). The frequencies of carbonated beverage(p＜0.01), hamburger & piazza, deep fried foods(p＜0.01), soybean curd fried fish cake(p(0.05) were correlated with nutritional knowledge scores.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.48-60
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate alcohol consumption and nutritional status in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The subjects were 80 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and 12 patients with alcoholic fatty liver. Also 57 alcoholics without liver disease, 32 patients with viral liver cirrhosis and 194 normal men were included as control groups. Data on anthropometric index, socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, dietary habits and dietary intakes were collected by individual interview. Alcoholic liver disease group had significantly lower triceps skinfold thickness and mid-uppr-arm circumferences than other groups. Socioeconomic status of alcholoci subjects was middle class or lower than that. The amount, duration and frequency of alcohol consumption were significantly higher and the quality of side dishes consumed with alcoholic beverage was significantly poorer in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis than others. Patients with alchololic liver disease ingested approximately 40% of daily caloric intake as alcohol and all alcoholic subjects had lower average intakes of protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and minerals as compared with Korean adult average intakes. The results suggest that alcohol and poor dietary intake could cause malnutrition and might be two of the important risk factors to develop alcoholic liver disease in alcoholics. But other factors like genetic and immunological factors should be also considered in elucidating the causes of alcoholic liver disease. An extensive nutritional education should be emphasized for alcohol consuming population to prevent development of alcoholic liver disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.301-308
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• 1987

An attempt was made to assess nutrient intake of a group of rural housewives living in the area of Yeo-Ju, forty persons were surveyed between July 4 and 5, 1984. All foods and beverage were weighed and collected as consumed in the home over 24-hour periods and protein and ten inorganic element in the diets were assayed by laboratory analysis. 1) The average food intakes of the subject per day were 1105.7g, which consisted of vegetable food (93.1%), animal food 96.6%), and fats and oils (0.3% . The energy percentage of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 79.5%, 13.4% and 7.1%, respectively, showing higher dependence on carbohydrate. 2) The protein intake calculated from food table was 64.98g. The contribution of animal proteins to total protein was only 18.6g, for below the recommenced allowance. 3) Analysed daily mean intake (% of RDA) of protein (g), Ca(mg), K(g), Na(g), Mg(mg), P(mg), Zn(mg), Cu (mg), Mn(mg), Fe(mg) and Cl(g) were 60.79(93.3%), 395(65.9%), 4.79(85.268%), 6.53(198-594%), 321.4(107.15%), 827.8(103.38%), 15.81(105.4%), 1.66(55-835), 5.12(102.205%), 14.12(78.44%), 9.57(188-563%), respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1961-1967
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• 2006

Levels of ethyl carbamate, a potential carcinogen produced naturally during fermentation, in major Korean fermented foods and alcoholic beverages were determined by GC/MS/SIM, and their average daily intake and excess cancer risk in Korean people were estimated. In GC/MS/SIM analysis n.d.-4.26, 1.40-58.90, n.d.-3.76, n.d.-1.87, and 0.40-10.07 $\mu$g/kg of ethyl carbamate were detected in kimchi, soy sauces, fermented pastes, fermented dairy products, and alcoholic beverages, respectively. The average daily intake of ethyl carbamate and excess cancer risk through major Korean fermented foods and alcoholic beverage consumption were 6.0 ng/kg bw/day and $3.0\times10^{-7}$, respectively for the average Korean person aged 3-64 years, and were mainly contributed by Chinese cabbage kimchi, soy sauces, and Soju.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.567-573
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compared two methods for measuring fluid intake and to assess the most effective method. Methods: Data from 44 hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease was analyzed. Two methods were used. The liquid method is to measure the daily intake of water in the form of pure water or some other beverage and IV fluid, the liquid-solid method is to measure the daily intake of water which enters by the oral route and IV fluid. Results: The daily intake of fluid was 1483.10mL and 2245.99mL respectively. The fluid output was 1883.72 mL. The Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) between the liquid method and the liquid-solid method and fluid output was 0.64 and 0.69, respectively. The correlation between differences of fluid in two methods and body weight change was r=.47 (p<.001) and r=.56 (p<.001), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there are no difference between the two measuring methods as to reflecting the most close value to fluid output. And the difference between intake and output by two methods is correlated with body weight change. Therefore, it can be suggested that the either method could be useful as patients' fluid intake measurement.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.475-482
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• 2005

This study aimed to determine the fluoride intakes in 120 preschool children aged 3 to 6 residing in Jumunjin (community water fluoridation area) and Gangneung (non-fluoridation area). The parents were asked to collect 24-hour urine samples and to duplicate the samples of all the diets that their children ingested in the day of urine collection. The acid-diffusible fluoride in the food and non-carbonate beverages were isolated by the acid-diffusion technique and then measured with a fluoride electrode. The fluoride in carbonate beverages, drinking waters and urine samples were measured directly with a fluoride electrode. The geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of daily fluoride intakes from all kinds of diet was 5.99 (2.27) $\mu$g/kg/day in the children in Gangneung and that of the children in Jumunjin was 18.36 (2.69). The amount of fluoride intake by food and drinking water in fluoridation area were significantly larger than that in non-fluoridation area but the statistical difference of fluoride intake by beverages between two areas was not observed. The GMs (GSDs) of daily fluoride excretion by urine of children in non-fluoridation area and in fluoridation area were 8.39 (1.73) and 18.62 (1.77) $\mu$g/kg/day, respectively. The correlation between fluoride intake from diet excluding beverage and urinary excretion was statistically significant. It is concluded that the amount of fluoride intake of children living in fluoridation area did not exceed the upper intake level to avoid the risk of dental fluorosis (2.2 mg/day in 4- to 8-year-olds) and urinary excretion of fluoride was good indicator of fluoride intake from diets.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the intake rate of SSBs (sugar sweetened beverages) and examine the relationship between health behavior factors and SSBs intake by adolescents. Methods: This study used data from the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, which included 65,528 study participants. SSBs intake frequency was measured by asking respondents if they consumed soda, high-caffeinated beverages, and sugary drinks during the previous week. Type of intake was categorized into three groups according to the number of consumed drinks [SSBs (0): None; SSBs (1-2): 1 or 2 consumed; SSBs (3): 3 consumed]. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine health behaviors that affected SSBs consumption. Results: Increased SSBs intake was significantly correlated with current smoking (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.82-3.17), current drinking (OR=2.13, 95% CI=1.82-2.51), sedentary time increase (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.15-1.49), three days or more physical activity per week (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.02-1.24), <8 hours sleep (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.43-1.78), increased internet usage time (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.25-1.65). Conclusions: Sugar-sweetened beverages intake by Korean adolescents was associated with health behaviors such as smoking, drinking, sedentary time increase, more physical activity, poor sleeping time, and increased internet use time. Based on these results, it is necessary to recognize the influence of SSBs intake and to intervene to reduce consumption of SSBs.