• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 1980

Besides the benefits of antimicrobial agents in the control of various infectious diseases, widespread and prolonged use of particular antimicrobial agents has brought about the increase of drug-resistant strains in a community and the profound changes in the pattern of infectious diseases. In Korea, there are some remote villages where no clinics and drug stores are available and the residents in those areas are assumed to have fewer chances to contact with antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the differences in susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobial agents between the isolates from rural areas(R) and Seoul National University Hospital(SNUH, H) were studied. The isolates and their numbers were Staphylococcus aureus, R;55, H;68), Enterococci(R;28, H;30), Escherichia coli(R;40, H;40), Enterobacter aerogenes(R;25, H;21) and Klebsiella pneunoniae(R;58, H;67). Minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC's) of penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalexin, tetracycline, oxytetracyline, doxycycline, minocycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, troleandomycin and co-trimoxazole were determined by agar dilution method. I. Comparison of MIC's and resistant strain proportions between isolates from SNUH and rural areas. MIC's and/or resistant strain proportions of the isolates from SNUH were significantly higher than those of the isolates from rural areas in the cases of 1. S. aureus to doxycycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. 2. E. coli to penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. 3. E. aerogences to carbenicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, genaamicin and co-trimoxazole. 4. K pneunoniae to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, monocycline, streptomycin, kanamycine, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. However, the mean MIC and resistant strain proportion of S. aureus to tetracycline were higher in isolates from rural areas than in those from SNUH and Enterococci showed no differences in susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents between isolates from rural areas and from SNUH. Therefore, in general, differenes in susceptibility to these antimicrobial agents between the isolates from rural areas and SNUH were remarkably greater and broader in gram negative enteric bacteria. II. Multiple drug resistance pattern. Patterns and incidences of multiple drug resistance were studied with penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, gentamicin, streptomcin, kanamycin and co-trimoxazole in Enterococci, E. coli, E. aeroges and K. pneumoniae. There appeared significant differences in the incidence of multiply drug-resistant strains and multiple drug resistance patterns between the isolates from SNUH and rural areas in Enterococci, E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae. However, there was no difference in the incidence of multiply drug-resistant strains between isolates of S. aureus from SNUH and rural areas but the pattern of multiple resistance of the SNUH strains of S. aureus was diverse, while that of the rural strains was predominantly confined to penicillin-tetracycline combination. The incidence of multigly drug-resistant strains and diversity of their patterns were the highest in E. coli strains isolated from SNUH and there were no multiply drug resistant strrains in Enterococci and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from rural areas. The number of drug-resistance determinants was also different between the isolates from rural areas and SNUH. Most of the multiply drug-resistant strains of E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae isolated from SNUH were resistant to more than 3 kinds of antimicrobial agents, most frequently to ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin, while multiply drug-resistant strains from rural areas were resistant to 2 kinds of antimicrobial agents among ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin. With drug-resistant E. coli strains, resistance to tetracycline which was used most widely since 1951 was most frequently involved as a part of mutliple drug-resistance, followed by resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin. This strongly suggests that emergence of drug-restant strains in a community is directly dependent on the selective pressure exerted by the antimicrobial agent used. III. Cross resistance. Cross resistance of bacteria was studied among tetracycline penicillin, aminoglycoside and macrolide derivatives by analyzing correlation coefficients of sucseptibilities using the least square method. In this study, there were high correlations among the susceptibilities to related derivatives. It appears that the relatively low correlations in susceptibilities present in some cases are due to intrinsic resistance of E. aerogenes to penicillin, Enterococci to aminoglycoside and E. coli E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae to macrolide derivatives.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-62
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• 2009

Internet computing is a disruptive IT innovation. Semantic Web can be considered as an IT innovation because the Semantic Web technology possesses the potential to reduce information overload and enable semantic integration, using capabilities such as semantics and machine-processability. How should organizations adopt the Semantic Web? What factors affect the adoption and diffusion of Semantic Web innovation? Most studies on adoption and diffusion of innovation use empirical analysis as a quantitative research methodology in the post-implementation stage. There is criticism that the positivist requiring theoretical rigor can sacrifice relevance to practice. Rapid advances in technology require studies relevant to practice. In particular, it is realistically impossible to conduct quantitative approach for factors affecting adoption of the Semantic Web because the Semantic Web is in its infancy. However, in an early stage of introduction of the Semantic Web, it is necessary to give a model and some guidelines and for adoption and diffusion of the technology innovation to practitioners and researchers. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present a model of adoption and diffusion of the Semantic Web and to offer propositions as guidelines for successful adoption through a qualitative research method including multiple case studies and in-depth interviews. The researcher conducted interviews with 15 people based on face-to face and 2 interviews by telephone and e-mail to collect data to saturate the categories. Nine interviews including 2 telephone interviews were from nine user organizations adopting the technology innovation and the others were from three supply organizations. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were recorded on digital voice recorder memory and subsequently transcribed verbatim. 196 pages of transcripts were obtained from about 12 hours interviews. Triangulation of evidence was achieved by examining each organization website and various documents, such as brochures and white papers. The researcher read the transcripts several times and underlined core words, phrases, or sentences. Then, data analysis used the procedure of open coding, in which the researcher forms initial categories of information about the phenomenon being studied by segmenting information. QSR NVivo version 8.0 was used to categorize sentences including similar concepts. 47 categories derived from interview data were grouped into 21 categories from which six factors were named. Five factors affecting adoption of the Semantic Web were identified. The first factor is demand pull including requirements for improving search and integration services of the existing systems and for creating new services. Second, environmental conduciveness, reference models, uncertainty, technology maturity, potential business value, government sponsorship programs, promising prospects for technology demand, complexity and trialability affect the adoption of the Semantic Web from the perspective of technology push. Third, absorptive capacity is an important role of the adoption. Fourth, suppler's competence includes communication with and training for users, and absorptive capacity of supply organization. Fifth, over-expectance which results in the gap between user's expectation level and perceived benefits has a negative impact on the adoption of the Semantic Web. Finally, the factor including critical mass of ontology, budget. visible effects is identified as a determinant affecting routinization and infusion. The researcher suggested a model of adoption and diffusion of the Semantic Web, representing relationships between six factors and adoption/diffusion as dependent variables. Six propositions are derived from the adoption/diffusion model to offer some guidelines to practitioners and a research model to further studies. Proposition 1 : Demand pull has an influence on the adoption of the Semantic Web. Proposition 1-1 : The stronger the degree of requirements for improving existing services, the more successfully the Semantic Web is adopted. Proposition 1-2 : The stronger the degree of requirements for new services, the more successfully the Semantic Web is adopted. Proposition 2 : Technology push has an influence on the adoption of the Semantic Web. Proposition 2-1 : From the perceptive of user organizations, the technology push forces such as environmental conduciveness, reference models, potential business value, and government sponsorship programs have a positive impact on the adoption of the Semantic Web while uncertainty and lower technology maturity have a negative impact on its adoption. Proposition 2-2 : From the perceptive of suppliers, the technology push forces such as environmental conduciveness, reference models, potential business value, government sponsorship programs, and promising prospects for technology demand have a positive impact on the adoption of the Semantic Web while uncertainty, lower technology maturity, complexity and lower trialability have a negative impact on its adoption. Proposition 3 : The absorptive capacities such as organizational formal support systems, officer's or manager's competency analyzing technology characteristics, their passion or willingness, and top management support are positively associated with successful adoption of the Semantic Web innovation from the perceptive of user organizations. Proposition 4 : Supplier's competence has a positive impact on the absorptive capacities of user organizations and technology push forces. Proposition 5 : The greater the gap of expectation between users and suppliers, the later the Semantic Web is adopted. Proposition 6 : The post-adoption activities such as budget allocation, reaching critical mass, and sharing ontology to offer sustainable services are positively associated with successful routinization and infusion of the Semantic Web innovation from the perceptive of user organizations.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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• pp.3-32
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• 1995

The Highway Capacity Manual specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of delay per vehicle. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for ass~ssing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections based on the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans. Conflict opportunity models were developed for those crossing, diverging, and stopping maneuvers which are associated with left-turn and rear-end accidents. Safety¬based level-of-service criteria were then developed based on the distribution of conflict opportunities computed from the developed models. A case study evaluation of the level of service analysis methodology revealed that the developed safety-based criteria were not as sensitive to changes in prevailing traffic, roadway, and signal timing conditions as the traditional delay-based measure. However, the methodology did permit a quantitative assessment of the trade-off between delay reduction and safety improvement. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of a wide variety of prevailing conditions such as traffic composition, intersection geometry, traffic volumes, and signal timing (1). At the present time, however, performance is only measured in terms of delay per vehicle. This is a parameter which is widely accepted as a meaningful and useful indicator of the efficiency with which an intersection is serving traffic needs. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for assessing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. For example, it is well¬known that the change from permissive to protected left-turn phasing can reduce left-turn accident frequency. However, the HCM only permits a quantitative assessment of the impact of this alternative phasing arrangement on vehicle delay. It is left to the engineer or planner to subjectively judge the level of safety benefits, and to evaluate the trade-off between the efficiency and safety consequences of the alternative phasing plans. Numerous examples of other geometric design and signal timing improvements could also be given. At present, the principal methods available to the practitioner for evaluating the relative safety at signalized intersections are: a) the application of engineering judgement, b) accident analyses, and c) traffic conflicts analysis. Reliance on engineering judgement has obvious limitations, especially when placed in the context of the elaborate HCM procedures for calculating delay. Accident analyses generally require some type of before-after comparison, either for the case study intersection or for a large set of similar intersections. In e.ither situation, there are problems associated with compensating for regression-to-the-mean phenomena (2), as well as obtaining an adequate sample size. Research has also pointed to potential bias caused by the way in which exposure to accidents is measured (3, 4). Because of the problems associated with traditional accident analyses, some have promoted the use of tqe traffic conflicts technique (5). However, this procedure also has shortcomings in that it.requires extensive field data collection and trained observers to identify the different types of conflicts occurring in the field. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections that would be compatible and consistent with that presently found in the HCM for evaluating efficiency-based level of service as measured by delay per vehicle (6). The intent was not to develop a new set of accident prediction models, but to design a methodology to quantitatively predict the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.47-85
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• 1989

The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2010

以前的研究已经表明零售价格促销改变消费者的购买行为以及零售商频繁的使用价格促销. 为了持续的从消费者身上获得利益, 零售商会采用几种价格促销方式. 例如, 零售商采用绝 对的降低价格($,€), 百分比价格, 或两种方法的结合(Della Bitta et al. 1981). 采用不同的价格促销类似于购买决定的形成(Monroe 1990). 框架效应是指一个问题两种在逻辑意义上相似的说法却导致了不同的决策判断(Frisch 1993). 因此, 如何陈述促销会影响消费者的交易评价并提高销售量. 事实上, 大量的营销研究已经证实了价格陈述对交易感知的影响(Lichtenstein and Bearden 1989; Urbany et al. 1988; Yadav and Monroe 1993). 从这个意义上说, 很多的营销研究已经论证了交易感知同样由消费者准确的计算折扣和最终价格的水平决定的(Estelami 2003a; Morwitz et al. 1998). 所以营销者能够通过提高计算的准确性来提高消费者对折扣的反应. 最后, 由于整体的计算误差导致低估了折扣(Kim and Kramer 2006), 消费者更容易在深度分析价格信息之后领会打折的报价,使他们能更准确地评估价格折扣. 本研究的目的是测试不同的折扣价格对消费者价格感知的影响. 更准确的来说, 本研究的目的是探索如何不同的执行相同的价格促销(语义和视觉凸显), 从而影响消费者对促销的感知和他们的购买决定. 我们的分析聚焦于价格陈述对评估, 购买意图和储蓄感知的影响. 为了验证提出的假设, 本文用实验性分析来分析几个折扣陈述. 从这个意义上来说, 我们采用一个2(数值显著陈述: 绝对和相对)x 2(语言显著陈述: 新颖的和传统的)x 2(视觉显著: 红色和蓝色)的设计来探索折扣陈述对三个因变量的影响: 评估, 购买意图和储蓄感知. 我们向受访者提供一个假设的广告, 受访者被告知报价的情况并需要对此评估. 一旦样本完成对广告的评估, 他们需要回答一份与价格显著和依赖纬度的问卷. 然后, 进行操作来确保受访者记得他们被对待的情况. 接着, 我们用一个2x2x2的多变量方差分析和随访单变量的测试来证实研究假设并检测单因子(价格显著)对评估, 购买意图和储蓄感知的影响. 结果表明, 语义和视觉显著的陈述对评估, 购买意图和储蓄感知有显著的主要影响和相互作用. 数值显著的作用显著影响评估和购买意图. 另外, 语言显著主要影响储蓄并作用与评估和购买意图. 最后, 视觉显著的相互作用对评估有显著影响. 本研究的结果的实践启示包括公司在计划基于用折扣来吸引消费者主义的促销时需要考虑. 因为价格陈述对消费者感知有重要的影响, 所以零售商应该考虑那种影响是想要的从而设计有效的折扣陈述. 特别是, 零售商应该用一种使得最终价格计算容易的传统方式来陈述折扣. 这是如此重要的调查方式使得营销者可以提高消费者心算的准确性来提高消费者对价格折扣的反应. 这个有关价格陈述对消费者反之和购买意图的影响的初步研究为未来的研究开启了方向.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.133-162
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• 2001

Unexpected accidents in school has been gradually increased every year, and student's mistaken was the first reason of the accident. To preventing the students from Unexpected accidents in school, safety education is more important than having strong facilities to have much more strong protecting forces for the accidents. Therefore, systematic education of safety is needed most of all, and especially, strengthening safety education in school is needed. Hereby, this study is aimed at investigating and analysing the actual condition and demand of safety education. It also conducted a survey with the target of 1,255 students in the second grade of high school in Seoul from April 20 to May 19, and the result of this study is as follows. 1. In the general features of the subject of the survey, boy students and girl students occupied 50.8％ and 49.2％ each, and boys' high school (34.3％), girls' high school(32.2％) and co-ed(33.5％) participated in balance. In the location, north from Han river occupied 54.6％, south were 45.2％. 2. According to the status of experiencing an accident, boys were more experienced then girls(p〈0.05). From the section, home accident(56.8％) occupied most followed by school accident, traffic accident, sports accident and poisoning. The accident happening most often in detailed category is sports accident such as basket ball, foot ball and dodge ball. The actual condition of the subject's using a school health facility shows that boys students use it more often than girl students(p〈0.01) 3. In attitude toward safety, the subject showed lower interest in safety issues than other social issues. But attitude in seriality of safety problems were high. Also, they responded ‘individual citizen’(63.1％) as the one who should make efforts for safety. Regarding knowledge of preventing safety accidents in attitude toward individual safety, 42.2％ answered ‘they know a little’ and 32.6％ of respondents say ‘they do not know’. To a question of the degree of the subject's following safety rules, 36.4％ were answered ‘keeping’ and the group using a school health facility shows more ‘keeping’ the others(p〈0.05). 4. To a question of asking if they have experienced safety education, 51.2％ answered ‘yes’. Teachers who mainly take care of safety education are answered as training teacher(48.7％). As for education time, training class(51.3％) is said to have safety education most followed by health-related event and PE(Physical Education). Frequency of education shows once or twice a session (62.8％) most often, but in case of co-ed school, 5-7times a session or more(20.1％) are being practiced. Looking at education time, 1-2 hour(s)(22.1％) or for a short time(22.1％) during class are being practiced. As an education method, instruction(43.8％) and video education(32.5％) are being practiced, and when it comes to education evaluation method, ‘not practiced’(70.0％) answered. To the question if they are satisfied with school safety education, they answered more ‘no(43.1％)’ than ‘yes(6.7％)’, and the reason is that safety education class is just for formality's sake, and the fact they already know is being repeated. The contents of safety education is composed of school safety, home safety, and first aid. 5. It is turned out that 56.5％ of the total boy students and 61.1％ of the total girl students recognize the necessity of safety education. To the question if safety education is needed in an elementary and middle education course, 46.4％ of the subject answer answered' it's necessary'. The most reason for their answers are ‘safety education is directly related to life’. 6. Regarding the requested time of safety education is ‘one hour a week’ by 55.9％. For safety education, safety education teachers(38.7％) are answered to be the most proper. As a request for safety education, video education is answered to be the most appropriate(30.6％), followed by practical skills, lecture and discussion(p〈0.05). Demand of educational evaluation, practical skills, interview and observation are answered to be needed. To the question if they want to participate in the way of demanded safety education, 41.9％ of respondents answer ‘have a mind to participate in’ (41.9％). To benefits followed by completing safety education, 72.0％ of respondents answer ‘agree’, and 24.7％ ‘do not agree’, which means lout 4 disagrees with completing safety education. 7. Looking at demand of safety education according to the features of the subject, ‘our position for the person who has handicapped’ was answer to the most.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2006

목적: 최근 위선종 및 조기위암에 대해 새로운 내시경적 치료법인 내시경 절개 점막하 박리법은 기존의 내시경적 점막절제술 보다 더 넓은 적응증을 가지고 있지만 시술의 난이도가 높고 합병증의 위험이 있어 보편적으로 시술되고 있지 않다. 이에 내시경 절개 점막하 박리법으로 치료한 위의 종양성 병변의 치료 성적을 바탕으로 그 임상적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 내시경 절개 점막하 박리법을 시행한 164명의 환자들의 179개의 위종양성 병변에 대하여 완전절제 및 일괄절제 여부, 합병증, 재발 여부 등을 분석하였다. 결과: 179개의 병변은 조기위암 126예(70.3%), 선종 42예 (23.4%)였다. 병변의 침윤 깊이를 확인할 수 있었던 조기위암 420예는 각각 점막1층(sm1) 0.8% (1/120), 점막2층(m2) 38.3% (46/120), 점막3층(m3) 25% (57/120), 점막하1층(sm1) 11.7% (14/120), 점막하2층(sm2) 1.6% (2/120)이었다. 종양의 일괄절제율과 완전절제율은 각각 96.0%, 85.2%였다. 합병증은 천공 8예(4.4%), 출혈 38예(21.2%)가 발생하였으나, 천공 1예를 제외한 나머지는 비수술적으로 치료가 가능하였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 내시경 절개 점막하 박리법은 위종양성 병변의 근치적 치료에 비교적 안전하고 효과적인 술기이고, 향후 보다 장기간의 추적관찰을 통해 그 유용성이 검증되어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1443-1451
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• 2014

Increasing cost and scarcity of maize has stimulated the use of alternative feed sources (AFS) in the diets of cattle. In this study, we investigated the effects of partial or total replacement of maize on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, blood metabolites, and economics in Limousin crossbred feedlot cattle. Forty-five $Limousin{\times}Luxi$ crossbred bulls were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups, orthodox diet (OD; 45.0% maize), partial replacement diet (PRD; 15% maize, 67% AFS), total replacement diet (TRD; 0% maize, 100% AFS). The growth feeding trial lasted for 98 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded. The digestion trial was carried out after the end of the growth trial. Total faeces and feed samples were measured daily. Digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were calculated. After the feeding trial, blood metabolites were measured in 12 animals from each group. Initial and final body weights did not differ significantly among treatment groups (p>0.05). The ADG and DMI were 1.72 and 8.66, 1.60 and 9.10, and 1.40 and 9.11 kg/d for OD, PRD, and TRD, respectively. The PRD and TRD exhibited lower ADG (p<0.01) and higher DMI (p<0.01) than OD. The DMI (%body weight) was comparable between groups (p>0.5). Feed efficiency of PRD and TRD were lower than OD (p<0.01). The DM digestibility decreased with reduced level of maize (p = 0.10), OM digestibility was higher in OD (p<0.05), and CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities were similar for all groups (p>0.05). Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) in PRD and TRD was higher than OD (p<0.01), while other blood parameters did not differ significantly. Feed costs ($/head/d) were 1.49, 0.98, and 0.72 for OD, PRD, and TRD, respectively (p<0.01). Feed costs per kg gain ($) were significantly lower for PRD (0.63) and TRD (0.54) than OD (0.89; p<0.01). Overall profit ($/head) and daily profit ($/head/d) did not differ significantly between treatments (p>0.05), although TRD showed the highest economic benefits overall (p<0.01). While a traditional diet maximized the growth rate, partial or total replacement of dietary maize with AFS proved economically feasible due to their lower costs and comparable nutrient digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Partial replacement may prove economically competitive in the current situation of China.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.10-27
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• 2017

최근 들어 급속한 도시화로 자연환경에 대한 인식의 중요성과 보존의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 세계 5대 연안습지이자 명승 41호인 순천만은 우리나라 갯벌 가운데 염습지가 남아있는 유일한 갯벌이며, 생태적 측면에서 높은 보존 가치를 지니고 있다. 또한 순천만국가정원과 더불어 방문객뿐만 아니라 지역주민에게 경제적, 환경적, 역사 문화적 측면에서 다양한 편익을 제공하고 있으나, 연간 2백 만명의 탐방객이 지속적으로 방문하고 있어 생태적 수용력의 한계에 대한 지적이 끊임없이 제기되고 있다. 이러한 순천만습지의 가치평가는 지역경제 활성화를 위한 관광 자원적 측면의 가치보다 보존적 측면의 가치를 측정하는 것이 향후 순천만습지의 지속가능성을 위해 더 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 가상가치평가법(CVM)으로 순천만습지의 경제적 가치를 평가하기 위해 확률선택모형(Probabilistic Choice Model) 중 일반적으로 많이 사용되는 로짓모형(Logit Model)을 이용하였다. 순천만습지의 보존가치의 비중을 1인 1일 편익인 8,200원에 적용하면 탐방을 통한 편익은 2,050원, 관리 및 보존적 가치는 3,034원, 유산적 가치는 3,116원으로 나타났다. 그 결과 순천만습지의 연간 탐방을 통한 편익은 44.3억 원, 관리 및 보존적 가치는 65.5억 원, 유산적 가치는 67.3억 원으로 나타났으며, 연간 유료방문객수로 환산할 경우 보존가치는 약 177.1억 원의 효과를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 순천만습지의 이용과 보존적 측면의 경제적 가치를 평가하여 순천만습지의 잠재적 가치의 근거를 제시하고, 순천만습지의 효율적 관리 및 정책수립의 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구는 '탐방을 통한 편익', '관리 및 보존적 가치', '유산적 가치' 측면의 인식 파악을 바탕으로 순천만습지의 생태적 지속가능성과 비시장재의 가치를 평가했다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있으며 향후 순천만습지와 순천만국가정원의 입장료 통합징수에 관한 정책결정 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권22호
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• pp.81-97
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• 2011

가상현실(Virtual Reality) 기술은 우리 시대에 인간의 희로애락(喜怒哀樂)을 담아내는 진보적 수단으로 자리 잡고 있다. 최근에 인지심리학 분야에서 치료도구로서 사용하기 위한 다양한 시도들이 일어나고 있다. 오감을 통한 가상세계속의 실재감은 현실세계의 인지(Cognition) 의 의미를 재해석해야 할 만큼 우리에게 폭넓게 다가오고 있다. 이러한 패러다임의 변화를 바탕으로 가상현실 기술들을 활용한 새로운 치료방법들이 가능해지고 있는데 그 대표적인 경우가 공황장애를 극복하기위한 행동치료 분야라고 할 수 있다. 특히 가상공간 내에서의 유연한 상호작용(Interaction) 기술의 발전은 환자들이 접할 수 있는 물리적 체험환경을 심리체험의 장으로 유도해 낼 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 상호작용 기술은 사용자의 물리적 오감을 보다 적극적으로 자극할 수 있는 환경을 제공하며, 가상세계로 부터의 체험정보는 인간으로 하여금 잠재된 에너지들을 새롭게 환기(喚起) 시켜 현실적 경험들로 체득시키기에 매우 유용한 것이다. 가상현실치료의 장점은 장애 환자들의 증상에 따른 맞춤형 치료가 가능하고 치료단계별로 차별화시켜 적용할 수도 있다는 것이다. 각각의 증상과 단계별로 이루어지는 치료과정을 거치면서 환자들로 하여금 현실세계 환경과 상황에 점차 익숙해지게 하여 장애를 치료하는 것이다. 감성공학을 기반으로 한 몰입형 가상현실장비와 반작용 되먹임(force-relative feedback)기술과 입체음향, 그리고 후각을 자극하는 기술들은 인간의 오감을 자극하여 경험을 환기(喚起)시키는데 유용하다. 가상세계에 대한 몰입 감이 주는 장점으로는 도전, 상호작용, 사실성, 환상, 협동성과 같은 현상들이 확대 된다는 점일 것이다. 이러한 현실보강(augmented reality)기능을 확장시켜 치료분야에 적용하고 있는 것으로 최근에는 인터넷을 통한 가상공간과 데이터의 공유기술, 그리고 저렴한 가용성이 그 저변을 확대시키고 있다. 인지적 경험을 위한 능동적인 상호작용 환경을 제공하는 가상현실 치료기술은 두려움 때문에 실제 상황에 직면할 수 없는 환자들에게 적절하게 조절된 환경을 제시해 줄 수 있으며, 비밀이 보장되고, 안전하며, 경제적이라는 이점이 있다. 또한, 실시간(Realtime) 내비게이션을 하는 것을 원칙으로 하기 때문에 빠른 수정보완이 가능하며 안경 없이 입체영상을 볼 수 있는 렌티큘라(lenticular)기술의 보급으로 보다 사실적인 실재감(Presence) 구현이 가능해져서 사이버 멀미현상을 줄일 수 있게 되었다. 그리고 대화식 기술의 발전으로 가상공간 속에서 직접 자신의 손을 이용해서 내비게이션을 하거나 물체를 조종함으로서 실세계와 유사한 실재감에 근접해 가고 있다. 본 논문은 제한적이기는 하지만 장애치료에 활용하고 있는 감성공학기반 가상현실 기술의 특성과 적용범위와 문제점들을 살펴보고 미래의 가능성을 조망해 보고자 한다.