• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.303-312
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• 2018

In Ethiopia, climate change and deforestation are major issues hindering sustainable development. Local Ethiopian communities commonly perceive an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Meteorological data shows that rainfall has declined in southern Ethiopia, and spring droughts have occurred more frequently during the last 10-15 years. The frequently occurring droughts have seriously affected the agriculture-dominated Ethiopian economy. Forests can play an important role in coping with climate change. However, deforestation is alarmingly high in Ethiopia, and this is attributed mainly to agricultural expansion and fuel wood extraction. Deforestation has led to a decrease in various benefits from forest ecosystem services, and increased ecological and environmental problems including loss of biodiversity. To resolve the issues effectively, it is crucial to enhance climate change resilience through reforestation and various international collaborations are urgently needed. To continue collaboration activities for resolving these issues, it is first necessary to address fundamental questions on the nature of collaboration: does collaboration aim for a support-benefit or a mutual benefit situation; dividing the workload or sharing the workload; an advanced technology or an appropriate technology; and short-term and intensive or long-term and extensive?. Potential collaboration activities were identified by sectors: in the governmental sector, advancing governmental structure and policy, enhancing international collaborations and negotiations, and capacity building for forest restoration and management; in the research and education sector, identifying and filling gaps in forestry and climate change education, capacity building for reforestation and climate change resilience research, and developing bioenergy and feed stocks; and in the business and industry sector, supporting conservation based forestry businesses and industries, while promoting collaboration with the research and education sectors. It is envisaged that international collaboration for enhancing climate change resilience through reforestation will provide a strong platform for resolving climate change and deforestation issues, and achieving sustainable development in Ethiopia.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

본 연구는 국내 주요 두록 종돈장의 혈통자료를 이용하여 근교수준과 유효집단 크기를 추정하기 위해 수행하였다. 혈연관계를 가지기 시작한 1987년부터 2013년까지 총 86,639두의 혈통자료를 최종적으로 이용하여 6개 종돈장의 세대별 근교계수 및 유효집단크기를 추정하였다. 종돈장별 세대에 따른 근교계수 변화는 2가지 패턴으로 조사되었으며, 근교계수 평균은 5% 이내로 적절한 수준을 유지하는 것으로 사료된다. 유효집단 크기는 종돈장별 다양한 차이를 보였지만 모든 종돈장이 최소권장수준인 50두 이상으로 유지하는 것으로 분석되었다. 대부분의 종돈장이 낮은 근교수준을 유지하는 것으로 조사되었는데, 근교계수를 고려한 교배관리와 외부 종돈 도입이 주된 원인이라 사료된다. 외부 종돈을 수입해서 도입하는 경우, 집단의 유전적 다양성은 증가할 수 있지만, 향후 국제적 종자주권 행사에는 불리한 상황이 될 수 있다. 특히 나고야의정서의 ABS(Access, Benefit, Sharing) 규정(2010)에 따라 유전자원을 제공하는 업체나 국가가 종자 주권 행사에 유리하도록 전개되고 있다. 그리고 업체상호 간 계약합의가 국제거래 규약의 효력을 가지기 때문에 정액, 자손 등 종자의 사후활용에 대해서도 로열티를 요구할 수 있다. 따라서 유효집단 크기를 높이기 위한 방법으로 무분별한 수입보다는 국내 종돈장 사이에서 우수 종돈을 공유하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.63-82
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• 2009

Virtual community is a social aggregation to attain some goals in an IT-supported virtual space (Lee et al., 2002). As lots of virtual communities generate robust and reliable outputs with low control and low incentive, previous researchers was interested in the questions, "why do they participate?" or "how are they controlled?". But. as Katz (1964) said, the most important part of the high-performing organization is the behaviors of members in the organization. Therefore, this research is to examine the relationship between the performance and the behaviors of participants in the virtual community. First, we propose 6 types of behaviors related to high performance in the virtual community: 'Continuous Attendance', 'Complying with the organizational value, policies, and regulations', 'Protection', 'Suggestion for the improving', 'Self-training', and 'Favorable behavior'. The six types of behaviors are extracted from the framework of Katz (1964) and Brief and Motowidlo (1986). The reason why each behavior is positively related with high-performance is that those who continuously attend have more responsibility than temporary participants do; complying with the rules of a virtual community means that they may make more reliable outcome; 'Protection' is one of the prosocial-behaviors and those who protect the community may concern the benefit of the virtual community when they participate: those who suggest some ideas for improvement may contribute to the virtual community; 'Self-training' behavior means that participants really want to have high quality in their contribution: those who have 'Favorable attitude' consider other members in the virtual community when they participate. Then, we perform an empirical analysis with the survey from participants in the Knowledge service of Naver.com, to show those behaviors are associated with the high-performance. To make the measurement for the six behaviors, we use CVR (content validity ratio) method (Lawshe, 1975), interviewing 12 experts. The dependent variable, performance of participation, is measured by 'ratio of selected answer' given by the Naver.com. We use email survey. We sent 1200 emails to randomly selected participants in the knowledge service and received 282 responses. The results of our empirical analysis show that 4('Continuous Attendance', 'Suggestion for the improving', 'Self-training', 'Favorable attitude') are positively related to the performance, but 2('Complying with the organizational value, policies, and regulations' and 'Protection') are not significant. In line with Fitzgerald (2006), we expect that participants in the virtual community may behave similarly to employees in the off-line firms for the high performance. But 2 behaviors have different results. The reason that the 'Complying with the organizational value' behavior is not sufficiently related to performance is that the motivation of participants is more related to intrinsic pleasure or altruism than external reward. Also, the 'Protection' behavior has no significant relationship with performance, which means that the high-performing participants have little concern about the problems in the community.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2012

MMORPG 온라인게임은 천만명 이상의 게이머들이 즐기는 대표적인 놀이문화로 등장하였으며, 그 결과 온라인 게임산업도 매우 높은 부가가치를 창출하는 산업으로 각광을 받게 되었다. 그런 측면에서 게이머들의 게임콘텐츠에 대한 애착감, 콘텐츠 및 사회적 상호작용 관련 요인 간의 관계를 알아보는 것은 학술적인 측면뿐만 아니라 산업적인 시사점도 상당하다. 본 연구에서는 스토리텔링, 게임방식, 콘텐츠 다양성, 게이머의 일체감 등을 콘텐츠 관련 요인으로 설정하고, 정보공유, 임파워먼트 및 구전효과를 사회적 요인으로 도입하여 게이머의 애착감과의 상호관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 온라인 설문조사를 실시하고 연구모형의 타당성과 주요 요인 간 인과관계를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 콘텐츠요인은 애착감에 영향을 미치지만 사회적 요인은 직접적 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 다만 사회적 요인은 콘텐츠 요인을 통해 애착감에 간접적인 영향은 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.61-84
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present foundational data to promote the cultural welfare status of youth. The actual condition of the youth's cultural welfare was investigated by investigating the degree of youth's cultural welfare satisfaction and needs by regional groups. A total of 1486 questionnaires were used for the final data analysis. The analysis revealed the following results. 1. Actual conditions of adolescents cultural welfare. 1) Among various cultural activities, adolescents find leisure and social activity, artistic, mass media and video-media activities very boring and one-sided, Instead, they have greater interest in computer- and Internet-related activities, such as getting and sharing information and communication. 2) While adolescents living in urban areas benefit from well developed social infra-structure, those living in rural areas seldom take advantage of it. 3) The obstacles against cultural welfare of the youth can be categorized as: 'lack of money,' 'lack of time,' and 'lack of cultural facilities. ' In urban areas 'lack of time' becomes an issue, whereas in rural areas 'lack of money' and 'lack of cultual facilities' are important. 2. Degree of cultural welfare satisfaction of the youths. Youths generally appear either 'unsatisfied' or 'neutral' concerning their satisfaction degree about leisure and social activity parts, and art and play-activity paris. On the other hand, they appear 'neutral' concerning their satisfaction degree about computer- and Internet-related information and communication parts, and mass- and video-media activity parts. In addition, urban youths show a higher degree of satisfaction than rural youths. 3. What the youths need To improve their culture welfare status, they need a lot of supplements for cultural activity in the form of cultural infra-structure. Regarding the cultural infra-structure, rural youths need more than urban youths.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.3-21
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• 2013

생물자원의 유용성을 이용자 관점에서 다각도로 분석하고, 이를 종합하여 유용생물자원을 선정할 수 있는 정책적 과학적 판정기준을 제공하고자 하였다. 생물다양성협약에서 정의하고 있는 생물자원 중 실질적으로 이익공유 및 거래를 할 수 있는 단위로서의 생물자원을 연구대상으로 하였으며, 생물자원이 가지고 있는 가치 중 사용가치와 희소성에 초점을 맞추어 유용성을 평가하였다. 유용성 등급은 1~5등급의 5개 등급으로 구분하였으며, 정책적 관리가 필요한 생물자원에 대하여 등급조정을 실시하였다. 본 기준은 우선적인 보호와 관리가 필요한 생물자원을 확보하고, 기 확보된 생물자원의 유용가치를 분석하여 생물자원산업에 이용하며, 나고야의정서 발효에 따른 사전접근승인 등 국가의 생물주권 확보를 위하여 생물자원을 보호 관리함에 있어 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2011

This paper attempts to extend such analysis to the rather more difficult problem of optimal management of transnational fish stocks jointly owned by two countries. Transboundary fish such as Mackerel creates an incentive to harvest fish before a competitor does and leads to over-exploitation. This tendency is especially poignant for transnational stocks since, in the absence of an enforceable, international agreement, there is little or no reason for either government or the fishing industry to promote resource conservation and economic efficiency. In the current paper I examine a game theoretic setting in which cooperative management can provide more benefits than noncooperative management. A dynamic model of Mackerel fishery is combined with Nash's theory of two countries cooperative games. A characteristic function game approach is applied to describe the sharing of the surplus benefits from cooperation and noncooperation. A bioeconomic model was used to compare the economic yield of the optimal strategies for two countries, under joint maximization of net benefits in joint ocean. The results suggest as follows. First, the threat points represent the net benefits for two countries in absence of cooperation. The net benefits to Korea and China in threat points are 2,000 billion won(${\pi}^0_{KO}$) and 1,130 billion won(${\pi}^0_{CH}$). Total benefits are 3,130 billion won. Second, if two countries cooperate one with another, they reach the solution payoffs such as Pareto efficient. The net benefits to Korea and China in Pareto efficient are 2,785 billion won(${\pi}^0_{KO}$) and 1,605 billion won(${\pi}^0_{CH}$) or total benefits of 4,390 billion won : a gain of 1,260 billion won. Third, the different price effects under the two scenarios show that total benefit rise as price increases.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2004

20세기에는 물질과 분석적 디자인의 중시로 환경문제가 크게 대두되었다. 이제 21세기를 맞아 의미와 전체와의 조화의 개념이 중시되는 전일적 디자인방법이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 동양의 전일적 사고에 바탕한 21세기의 새로운 디자인패러다임과 디자인방법을 제시하는데 있다. 구체적인 연구의 내용으로는 '유ㆍ불ㆍ도교 등의 동양사상에서 나타나는 전일적 개념이 파악되고(4장)', '통일성, 조화성, 변화성을 중심으로 한 전일적사고의 주요가치들이 분석되었으며(5장)', 이를 바탕으로 새로운 디자인방법의 대안으로서 '첫째-대상관찰, 둘째-대상평가, 셋째-대상개선의 3단계로 구성된 전일적인 디자인프로세스가 제시되었다(6장)' 그리고 결론으로서 각 단계의 중심적 디자인가치가 아래와 같이 규명되었다. 대상관찰 단계-대상을 바라봄에 있어 분리보다는 '전일적 관점'을 중시한다. 대상평가-가치를 판단함에 있어 차별과 대립보다는 '화합과 조화를 중시' 한다. 대상개선-창조의 개념은 변증법적 발전(creation)보다는 '순환과 변용과정의 개선적 변화(process of transformation)'를 중시한다.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.145-158
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• 2020

With the development and widespread application of online shopping, the number of online consumers has increased. With one click of a mouse, people can buy anything they want without going out and have it sent right to the doors. As consumers benefit from online shopping, people are becoming more concerned about protecting their privacy. In the group buying scenario described in our paper, online shopping was regarded as intra-group communication. To protect the sensitive information of consumers, the polynomial-based encryption key sharing method (Piao et al., 2013; Piao and Kim, 2018) can be applied to online shopping communication. In this paper, we analyze security problems by using a polynomial-based scheme in the following ways : First, in Kamal's attack, they said it does not provide perfect forward and backward secrecy when the members leave or join the group because the secret key can be broken in polynomial time. Second, for simultaneous equations, the leaving node will compute the new secret key if it can be confirmed that the updated new polynomial is recomputed. Third, using Newton's method, attackers can successively find better approximations to the roots of a function. Fourth, the Berlekamp Algorithm can factor polynomials over finite fields and solve the root of the polynomial. Fifth, for a brute-force attack, if the key size is small, brute force can be used to find the root of the polynomial, we need to make a key with appropriately large size to prevent brute force attacks. According to these analyses, we finally recommend the use of a relatively reasonable hash-based mechanism that solves all of the possible security problems and is the most suitable mechanism for our application. The study of adequate and suitable protective methods of consumer security will have academic significance and provide the practical implications.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-45
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• 2002

Opening of trade relationships through an increasing number of international free trade agreements and the now defunct General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has resulted in an increase the number of the species being exchanged in the world. In the last 20 years, international environmental laws have multiplied and a number of treaties address harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) directly with specific provisions, while other treaties deal with related environmental issues and indirectly affect international regulation of NIS; however, such treaties are weak due to lack of enforceability. From the stand point of national law, many countries including the USA, Australia and New Zealand enforce national laws and regulations to protect biological resources. Typical strategies include : 1) strengthening quarantines to prevent unintentional and illegal introduction of harmful NIS, and 2) developing technologies for managing harmful NIS. However, the recent international trend for managing NIS has shifted. In 2002, the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefit Arising out of their Utilization was adopted at the 6th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity. One major issue highlighted in the document is that "there is no more free of charge to get a biological resource from other countries". The Bonn guidelines will affect international and national NIS regulatory systems because the NIS is a potentially disrupts ecosystems as well as native species. A number of impacts are expected including the revamping of national biodiversity policy regimes in many countries in the world. In particular, the ROK, which is not very biologically diverse, has to evolve national laws to protect valuable ecosystems from NIS. In the meanwhile, national rights of using beneficial indigenous and non-indigenous species as biological resources should be considered through the investigation and national registration of NIS around the world for the promotion of the biotech industry.